BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY VOL. I 1950-1951 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) LONDON I 1951 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD BY CHARLES BATEY PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE PARTS No. i. 14 June 1950 No. 2. 17 July 1950 No. 3. 30 June 1950 No. 4. 25 September 1950 No. 5. 30 January 1951 No. 6. 30 November 1950 CONTENTS ENTOMOLOGY VOLUME I No. i. A generic revision of the Achilidae (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) . With descriptions of new species. By R. G. FENNAH No. 2. A revision of the family Ceracidae (Lepidoptera Tortricoidea) . By A. DIAKONOFF No. 3. The early literature on Mallophaga. (Part I. 1758-62). By THERESA CLAY and G. H. E. HOPKINS (Pis. 1-2.) 221 No. 4. The type specimens of certain oriental Eucosmidae and Carposinidae (Microlepidoptera) described by EDWARD MEY- RICK, together with descriptions of new Eucosmidae and Car- posinidae in the British Museum (Natural History). By A. DIAKONOFF (Pis. 3-8.) 273 No. 5. On the systematics and origin of the generic group Oxyptilus Zeller (Lep. Alucitidae). By s. ADAMCZEWSKI (Pis. 9-20.) 301 No. 6. Sphecidae (Hymenoptera) recoltes en Algerie et au Maroc par M. Kenneth M. Guichard. Par JACQUES DE BEAUMONT 389 Index to Volume I 429 A GENERIC REVISION OF ACHILIDAE (HOMOPTERA; FULGOROIDEA) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES R. G. FENNAH PRESENTED 22JUN13SO BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. i No. i LONDON : 1950 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE (HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES BY R. G. FENNAH Department of Agriculture Trinidad, BW.I. Pp. 1-170; 119 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. i No. i LONDON : 1950 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is to be issued in five series, corresponding to the Departments of the Museum. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they be- come ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. i, No. i, of the Entomology series. PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued June 1950 Price one pound five shillings A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE (HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES ByR. G. FENNAH DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRINIDAD, B.W.I. SYNOPSIS This paper consists of a revision of the world genera of the family Achilidae (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) . After a brief outline of the history of the systematics of the family, the morphological characters on which the present classification is based are surveyed and compared with those found in other fulgoroid families. A key to the seven tribes of Achilidae is then given, followed by descriptions of the tribes and keys to their genera. The genera are then described and discussed. Altogether 99 genera are dealt with, of which 30 are described as new, while 46 new species are described and a number of old ones redescribed. A considerable amount of synonymy is recorded and many new nomenclatorial combinations proposed. THE family Achilidae was established by Stal (1866: 130) for the reception of Achilus Kirby and twelve other genera. With the transference of genera from other families, and the contributions of later workers, notably Melichar, Kirkaldy, Distant, Mat- sumura, and Muir in the Old World and Uhler, Ball, and Metcalf in the New, the number of genera by 1938 had increased to something over sixty. In the present revision it has been found necessary to describe thirty new genera and to validate the name Lanuvia proposed by Stal. In 1923 Muir (Muir, 1923) gave the first satisfactory definition of the family, which he reinforced in 1930 (Muir, 1930) after considering the dispositions of Haupt (1929), who had placed the group as a subfamily of the Cixiidae, though on the basis of characters which are not rigorous in their application. In 1938 Metcalf established two subfamilies, Apatesoninae and Achilinae, separated by the prominence of the cephalic carinae and by the carriage of the tegmina. The present study has been based on the large collection in the British Museum, on material in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm, and on the writer's personal collection of West Indian and South American forms; the data from this material have been supplemented by notes prepared by the writer while examining species in the United States National Museum and the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The writer is deeply indebted to the authorities of the British Museum for the privilege of studying their collection, and in particular to Dr. W. E. China, Deputy Keeper of Entomology, for the assistance he has given on matters of detail too numerous to list ; no less a debt is acknowledged as due to Dr. Rene Malaise, of the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, for the opportunity of studying StaTs historic types. Thanks are also tendered to Mr. E. C. Zimmerman, Curator of Entomology in the Bishop Museum, Honolulu, for his efforts in tracing certain of Kirkaldy's types, and to Dr. J. C. Bequaert, Curator of Insects in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, for supplying drawings of Catonoides fusca Metcalf. A few genera have at different times been placed in this family but belong 4 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE elsewhere; these include Ambalangoda Distant (= Ptoleria Stal), Vekunta Distant, Kirbyana Distant, Melandeva Distant, Temesa Melichar, Pleroma Melichar, Talaloa Distant, Issidius Puton, and Taractellus Metcalf. The following combination of characters is given by Muir (1923, 1930) as distinctive of Achilidae : antennal flagellum not segmented, lateral ocelli outside lateral carinae of frons, lorae not visible in full view. Second post-tarsal segment relatively long. Tegmina with costal area absent, or, if present, devoid of transverse veinlets ; clavus closed with united claval veins entering apex; claval veins not granulate; sutural margin extending beyond apex of clavus. Anal area of wings not reticulate. Abdomen in adult devoid of wax pores and of processes at base. Female with ovipositor incom- plete. Male with pygofer flattened horizontally, medioventral process generally present and paired ; genital styles large, complex. Muir noted that in two species, the male genitalia of which he examined, the aedeagus consisted of a phallobase produced into processes and a small inner phallus. The loral character does not hold in Myconus and its allies, nor the absence of trans- verse veins in the costal area in Pseudhelicoptera. It would appear from the present study that his characters may be supplemented with the following: First valvulae of ovipositor furnished with a pair of ventral lobes; the dorsal sclerotized limb with four or five teeth, the apical pair longest; third valvulae rounded or truncate distally, apical margin membranous. Bursa copulatrix simple or furnished with sclerites. Egg ellipsoidal, devoid of ornamentation, with a cluster of digitate processes at one pole. As appears to be usual in fulgoroid families, members of the Achilidae show great differences between the extremes of bodily size. The largest species of the family, Sevia moerens Stal and 5. intermaculata Stal, each 14 mm. long from head to apex of folded tegmina, are three and a half times as long as the smallest, Haitiana nigrita Doz. (4 mm. between the same points). The family falls naturally into seven groups, which are recognized below as tribes. All are relatively compact ; the largest is that typified by Plectoderes and its members include the most primitive of the family. The vertex is usually broader than long, with the anterior margin more or less angulate or convex, and the disk slightly depressed, while the median carina is frequently obsolete or incomplete; there are, however, many modifications of and departures from this basic plan. In Sevia and its allies and in Aneipo the lateral margins are foliate, a condition found also in Pseudhelicoptera and Chroneba. In several genera of the Plectoderine series the vertex is longer than broad, but very disproportionately so in Kardopocephalus, Callichlamys, Chroneba, Pseudhelicoptera, and Remosachilus (described below) ; the median carina is often complete, while in Chroneba it is distinctly foliate, and in Nelidia nearly so; in some genera, Fran- cesca, Kardopocephalus, Moraballia (described below), and most markedly in Bathy- cephala (described below), the disk of the vertex is strongly depressed ; in two genera, Bunduica and Epiusana (described below), supernumerary longitudinal carinae are developed. In Aphypia the anterior margin of the vertex is calloused, the callus being broader nearer the sides than in the middle ; in Agandecca a somewhat similar condition is found, with the broad lateral portions of the callus slightly indented ; from these a progressive excavation of the latero-apical areas of the vertex (or latero- HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 5 basal of the frons) is traceable. In some genera (Taloka, Gordiacea} the areas are very prominent; in others (Caristianus) they are distinct but very minute; elsewhere (Kempiand) they are obsolete or scarcely indicated. The 'frons' (the deflexed portion of the vertex between the most anterior part of the head and the fronto-clypeal suture) is generally elongate, and together with the clypeus is elongate-ovate in outline. This simple form, exemplified by Faventilla, Elidiptera, and Mlanjella (described below), may be modified: when the frons is viewed at a right angle to the plane of the distal half of the disk, its basal (or upper) margin may appear mitrate, convex, truncate, or angulately excavate, according to the form of the conventional 'vertex', lying between the actual anterior point of the head and its posterior dorsal margin; the lateral margins vary in their degree of curvature and convexity, but are fairly constant within a genus; the degree of curvature is in some measure indicated by the ratio between maximum width, which is almost invariably just below the level of the antennae, and the width at the base. In Amblycratus, Tropiphlepsia, and Caffropyrrhyllis (described below) the lateral margins are sub-parallel, and this condition is closely approached in other genera (Sevia, Plectoderes, Aphypia, Lanuvia, Kawanda, Hemiplectoderes [described below]) ; where the 'vertex' is narrowed near the anterior margin of the head, the lateral margins of the frons converge between the eyes and may be concave in this region (Parakosalya, Paraclusivius [described below]) ; in Deferunda the lateral margins of both frons and vertex are foliate and the former converge to meet basally, and form a cornice overhanging the basal part of the frontal disk. Foliation of the margins is general, and in most genera takes the form of lateral extension at the level of the antennae; such extension is well displayed in Plectoderes; occasionally the foliate carinae may be extended obliquely anteriorly (Sevia, Ilva} or completely anteriorly (Breddiniola) . The disk of the frons is usually slightly convex in its basal portion and more or less flat distally (Agandecca, Pyrrhyllis} ; sometimes it is flat throughout (Paratangia, Betatropis}, while in several genera it is concave; in Sevia, Apateson, and Ilva the concavity is striking and involves the clypeus ; biconcavity in the form of longitudinal depression on each side of the middle line is widespread (Kosalya, Lanuvia, Bathycephala, and Moraballia (described below) may be cited as more extreme examples). In Aristyllis the middle portion of the disk in the apical half is markedly and characteristically depressed, in a manner paralleled only by Sevia and its allies, while depression of the disk in this area across the whole of its width occurs where the suture is impressed (Callinesia, Parakosalya, Plectoderes}. The profile of the frons is to some extent correlated with the form of the vertex: where this is short the convexity may be considerable (Plectoderes} ; where it is long the frons may be straight throughout its length (Epiptera, Callichlamys, Chroneba, Betatropis, Koloptera, Remosachilus [described below]). The clypeus is triangular, more or less flat in profile, with the disk flat or slightly convex ; the margins are carinate and usually a median carina is present ; variation is found in the ratio of length to maximum breadth, in that of length to the length of the frons, in the convexity or concavity of the disk, and in the angle of convergence of the lateral margins. In length relative to frons Sevia and Callichlamys illustrate the extreme contrasts in such ratios ; the tumid disk is found in Haitiana, Gordiacea, 6 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE and Parakosalya ; the hollowed disk in Sevia and Ilva and, on each side of the median carina, in Kosalya and Lanuvia. In Sevia and its allies the median carina is absent, while in Callichlamys, Callinesia, and Paratangia it is obsolete. The clypeus of Aristyllis has a characteristic form, being subequilaterally triangular with the lateral margins straight or slightly concave. The rostrum is five-segmented and usually terminates near the level of the post- coxae ; the joints differ between genera in their degree of elongation (length/width) and in their relative lengths: in some genera (Magadha, Hamba) the subapical segment is markedly shorter than the apical, whereas in others (Callichlamys, Pyrrhillis) it is longer. The rostrum also varies in its total length and as in some Cixiidae it is sometimes longer in the female than the male. In the shortest form of rostrum the apex scarcely surpasses the pro-trochanters (Deferunda) while in the longest it surpasses the post-trochanters (Epirama, Cionoderella [described below]) ; the tip of the rostrum is always bluntly conical, never abruptly truncate and flattened as in Derbidae. The sides of the head show between genera numerous subtle differences in grada- tions of outline, degree of obliquity, of inflation or depression, and of extension anteriorly or dorsally: many of these differences are impossible to describe succinctly or even to illustrate : the following, however, are appreciable in their more pronounced forms and are of assistance to the taxonomist. In Myconus and a few allied genera the loral plates, which in the Achilidae are usually set at right angles to the disk of the clypeus, are so feebly oblique as to appear almost as a lateral extension of the disk. The genae, or sides of the head below the level of the eyes, are flat or slightly hollowed out. In Plectoderes the considerable lateral extension of the lateral margin of the frons, and the overhanging eye, accompanied by depression of the genae, cause the antennae to be sunk in a depression ; through a range of genera it is possible to trace every stage of the transition from the flat gena (Clusivius, Akotropis) to the deeply hollowed form found in Plectoderes. In two genera, Koloptera and Remo- sachilus, a horizontal carina extends from the anterior margin of the eye to the lateral margin of the frons. The form of the sides of the head above the eye depends largely on the shape of the lateral carinae of the vertex : this area is extremely narrow in Haitiana and Aristyllis and reaches its greatest extent in Chroneba and Pseud- helicoptera. The antennae are remarkably uniform in the family: the basal joint is generally very short and ring-like, though it is distinct in Epiptera, and in Rhotala is almost as long as broad. The second joint is short and subcylindrical in Rhotala, Myconus, and Elidiptera and allied genera ; in the remainder it is subovate or subglobose with the third joint and arista terminal, usually set in a slight depression. A noteworthy exception is found in Haitiana, where the second joint is cylindrical and abnormally elongate and the apex so oblique that the third joint occupies a subdorsal position. This form of antenna is unique in Achilidae, though its shape recalls that of several derbid genera. The ocelli, always two in number, appear to be universally present; they vary slightly in position and may be widely separated from the eyes (Betatropis, Chroneba) or contiguous so as to be flattened on the side adjoining the eye (Deferunda, Gordiacea, HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 7 Catonia}. Above the ocelli is a pair of what appear to be placoid sensillae: these are not peculiar to Achilidae but are of wide occurrence in the superfamily. The eyes are usually entire, round in side view and subovate, tapering anteriorly in dorsal view. In a few genera they are ovate, being elongated in conformity with elongation of the head (Remosachilus, Callichlamys}. In many genera they are emarginate below. Such emargination may be very slight, and indicated merely by a lack of red pigment in a small area of the eye above the antenna (Aristyllis) ; indentation of the margin (Chroneba) marks a further step, while the extreme condition involves distortion of the lower half of the eye ; in such examples the deep excavation is accompanied by lateral bulging of the eye above it (Taloka). The pronotum is convex on the anterior margin and concave posteriorly. It is longest in Myconus and its allies (Epiptera, Myconellus), where, moreover, its basal width very markedly exceeds that of the head ; it is shortest in Apateson and Plecto- deres, where it appears dorsally as little more than a subvertical lamina between the vertex and mesonotum ; in general it is short and a little wider than the head including the eyes. A medial disk is generally present, bounded laterally by carinae, but it is obsolete in Sevia and Apateson and minute in Pseudhelicoptera and Plectoderes, while in Myconus its boundaries are obscure. The disk may be anteriorly convex (markedly so in Rhotala) or truncate (Caristianus, Kosalya, Prosagandecca [described below]) ; a median carina is usually present, except in Elidiptera and its allies. The lateral carinae of the disk diverge posteriorly and exceed the length of the median carina, usually they pass to the hind margin, though not in Elidiptera and allied genera and in those Plectoderine forms in which they are concave and curve laterad at their basal extremities. A complete series of intergradations exists in the latter group between the extreme forms that these carinae can assume, as found in Salemina and Bathycephala. The areas lying behind the eyes between the disk and the lateral margin show marked variation between genera. In Rhotala, myconine, elidipterine, and achiline genera they are broad and gently inclined laterad, in Apateson and its allies and in Plectoderes they are reduced to the hind margin of a subvertical plate. The average pronotum in this region comprises a subvertical portion lying immediately below the postero-lateral field of the head behind and beneath the eye, and an exposed dorsal field sloping laterad gently downward to the lateral margin: this dorsal area may be subhorizontal in an axial direction, and bounded sharply, sub- carinately, against the hind margin of the eye (Haitiana, Rupex [described below]) ; in this condition it may be smooth (Aristyllis} or indented with two or three shallow impressions: these in their extreme form are subrectangulate and the ridges which divide them form subparallel carinae passing from the anterior to the posterior margin. This relatively horizontal dorsal field may compactly occupy the whole area between the eye and mesonotum, or it may be more or less reduced in width (Defe- runda, Betatropis, Catonia} until it disappears (Paragandecca, Plectoderes}. Genera in which it is not developed have this area of the pronotum inclined anteroventrad, that is, shelving from the hind margin forward and downward under the eyes. The lateral margins, long in Myconus and extremely short in Plectoderes, may be smooth, unicarinate, or bicarinate ; in Breddiniola and Breddiniolella a deep circular fovea is developed on the lateral margin, and the carina passes round its rim. Below the 8 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE lateral margins the pronotum is bent downward and twisted to face forward, and the shape of the lobes so formed (' lateral ventral lobes of pronotum ') recalls that of saddle-flaps. These lobes show little variation, but differ in relative size and more noticeably in the shape of their lower margin. This, when the insect is viewed from the front, may be straight and horizontal (Achilus), or rounded (Caffropynhyllis [described below]), or more or less oblique; the lower outer angle of the lobe may move mesad and become acute, and the ventral margin which lies mesad of it become exceptionally oblique. The posterior border of the pronotum is more or less emargi- nate, in Myconus the degree of concavity is very slight, but in some genera (Kosalya, Kempiana, Betatropis, Remosachilus} the excavation may be rectangulate or acute. The mesonotum is generally slightly broader than long and more or less distinctly tricarinate. It attains its relatively greatest size in Myconus and its allies and its least in plectoderine forms such as Remosachilus ; it is usually about twice as long as the vertex and pronotum combined. The carinae may be obscure (Elidiptera) ; the lateral carinae may be subparallel or diverge basally, but in Sevia, Apateson, and allied genera they are convex and enclose an ovate disk. In Caristianus the hind portion of the disk is slightly depressed, while in Kempiana the anterior part of the disk and the lateral areas outside the disk have a markedly different texture from the posterior: the contrasting areas are separated by a feeble transverse ridge. The tegulae are moderately large and bent through almost a right angle ; in some genera a carina is developed along the line of flexure. The legs present no abnormal features in this family. In some genera the pro-tibiae are longer than the pro-femora and trochanters, while in others, including most of the plectoderine forms, they are slightly shorter. The post-tibiae are almost invariably armed. In almost ah 1 plectoderine genera a single spine is present in the basal half, but in Kosalya there are two. The unarmed condition of the post-tibiae is so exceptional that its reported existence requires confirmation. Rhotala is exceptional in the family in having seven post-tibial spines. The second joint of the post-tarsus in Achilus is relatively long, much longer than broad, while the pre-tarsus has a well-developed areoleum and a pair of large dorsal sclerites. The tegmina vary in relative size, proportions, outline, texture, and venation. In most genera they are carried 'horizontally', that is, with the sutural margins closely overlying the tergites of the abdomen and the membrane deflexed to overlap its counterpart beyond the end of the body, thus giving the insect a rather flattened appearance. In Apateson, Sevia, and their allies the tegmina are carried more steeply, though in some species of the subgenus Ateson the membrane may overlap distally. In general the tegmina are about three times as long as wide at the widest part ; in Aphypia longipennis the ratio is 3-2 : 1, while in Haitiana it is 2-8 : 1. The costal margin is very slightly convex. The apical margin is rounded or rounded-truncate; in Apateson it is incised in M. This condition is found in certain Dictyopharidae (Raphio- phora), but nowhere else in Achilidae. The sutural margin is obtusely angulate beyond the apex of the clavus. The clavus is distally truncate and the united claval veins (PCu+Ai) enter its apex. The claval suture is sometimes traceable into cell Cuib as a fold. The costal vein generally lies along the anterior margin. In some species of Sevia, however, and in Kempiana a distinct area is developed before the HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 9 costa, and in its basal portion may be relatively broad ; in Pseudhelicoptem a costal area is developed which is traversed by numerous transverse bars. In some genera (Catonia) such separation of the costal vein from the margin may be seen in an incipient form near the base. The subcostal, radial, and median veins usually emerge in a common stalk from the small basal cell ; M separates near the base while Sc and R fork approximately level with the fork of GUI. The relative positions vary in minor degree between genera, species, and even individual specimens in a series ; in Opsi- planon and Necho the position at which Sc separates from R is unusual in that the subcostal vein is united to the radial almost as far as the node. The apical portion of Sc is a region of venal instability: in its simplest form the vein forks distally and one branch passes to the margin at the node (the anterior end of the line of flexure of the membrane) and forms the basal boundary of the stigmal cell ; the other branch bounds the stigmal cell on its lower side then forks and sends two branches to the margin, the anterior of which bounds the stigmal cell on its distal side : this arrange- ment is frequently modified by the number of branches to the margin in the stigmal area or distad of it being increased (five in Ilva and Plectoderes, six in Kosalya) ; alternatively the distal portion of the vein may retain its original number of branches but become distorted and partly coalesce with R (Deferunda, Koloptera} ; in tegmina with this modification a callus may form at the apex of the costal cell adjoining the nodal line (Deferunda), or in the stigmal and adjoining cell (Koloptera). The radial vein is two- or three-branched distally (Ri+2, Rs or Ri, R.2, Rs) and the first fork occurs level with the node. M forks at the same level and usually gives off three branches to the margin (Mi, M2, M3+4). In Sevia and Myconus and its allies the number of apical branches is considerably more. In Elidiptera and some of its allies marked distortion is found in the distal portion of M and a callus is developed in one or more of the subapical areoles, while a small narrowly rectangular cell, probably of mechanical importance, is often developed in Cu near the callus in M. Both specializations have apparently been evolved to meet the stresses created by the folding of the membrane. The cubital vein emerges from the lower distal angle of the basal cell and forks before the level of the apex of the clavus, usually level with or a little distad of the union of the claval veins. Both branches are generally simple to the apex, though in a few genera (Elidiptera, MaUra [described below], Myconus, Sevia) they may become divided into several veinlets before reaching the margin. The posterior branch of Cu is usually slightly convex beyond the apex of the clavus and basad of the first transverse vein, but in the genera Koloptera, Deferunda, Haitiana, Taloka, and Gordiacea it is abruptly and strongly convex. In these genera R, M, and both branches of Cu converge to a small area near the middle of a line between the node and the claval apex ; sometimes, as in Koloptera, there is a distinct transverse fold where the nodal line adjoins the costal margin. Apart from the node itself and the apex of the open clavus, the nodal line, which separates corium from membrane, is marked only by the R-M and M-Cu cross veins ; a complete subapical line of transverse veins passes from the stigma to the sutural margin distad of the apex of the clavus : it is somewhat irregular, but well defined, and its degree of curva- ture is usually midway between that of the nodal line and that of the apical margin. The clavus is very uniform throughout the group, and the claval veins unite distad fiNTOM. I, I. B io A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE of its middle. Some variation occurs in its length relative to that of the whole tegmen, with the result that in some genera (Haitiand) it extends for much more than half the length of the tegmen, while in others (Parakosalya) it terminates basad of the middle. The tegmina are usually of a sober hue with brown, sepia, or deep fuscous pre- dominating; colour is not lacking in the family, however, and Achilus flammeus Kirby and Aneipo diva Kirk, rank among the gaudiest of homoptera. In almost all genera the corium is opaque and the membrane subopaque : in Myconus, Elidiptera, and various plectoderine genera (Catonia) both exhibit a moderate degree of trans- lucence, while if Calerda is rightly placed in this family it offers a unique example of hyaline transparency. The texture of the corium and membrane may be smooth (Plectoderes) or granulate (Rupex}. In Tropiphlepsia and Rupex (described below), vertical lenticular flanges are developed on the upper surface of the tegmen on M, Cu, and the hind claval veins; striking though this may appear in its maximal development, the initial stages of the development of such flanges may be seen in Catonia. In all genera a short stout flange is similarly developed on the lower surface near the basal cell, as in other Fulgoroidea. In some genera prominent granules are present alternated on each side of the veins (Opsiplanori) ; this sometimes occurs in an accentuated form with the development of short peg-like outgrowths from the veins into the membrane. Wings are universally present and are rather larger than the tegmina. The margin is entire ; Sc is usually simple, but six-branched in Myconus ; R is usually two- or three-branched; M is generally two-branched, Cui three-branched, Cuib simple, PCu is simple, and Ai two-branched. The wings are usually translucent, powdered white, fuscous, or smoky. The abdomen is relatively short and depressed so as to appear transversely ovate in section. The sclerites are strongly pigmented brown. A pair of rectangular sclerites lies on each side between the tergite and the ventrite of segments 3 to 8. On the tergites of segments 6, 7, and 8 a pale transverse oval scar is visible : this on the inner wall appears as a short peg-like outgrowth. In the female all the tergites are trans- verse, but in the male those of segments 6 to 8 may be markedly V-shaped cephalad. The pregenital sternite in the female is usually transverse posteriorly: it may be slightly produced on each side of the middle line, and in Rhotala is greatly enlarged while its hind margin is elongately triangular. Some slight variation may occur within the limits of a genus. Slight changes in form and angularity may also occur in the lower part of the hind margin of the lateral margin of the eighth segment (Ballomarius). The anal segment is usually short and rounded in both sexes ; it is elongate in the male of Rhotala, Myconus, and species of Plectoderes. In the female it may be ex- tremely short (Elidiptera and allied genera), when it consists of a narrow ring distinctly produced at the latero-ventral angles into finger-like setigerous lobes: in such cases the telson is prominently developed. The pygofer is ring-like : it is normally produced into a short process in the middle of the hind ventral margin : the process may be entire and convex (Spino, described below), triangular (Hemiplectoderes, described below), elongate (Elidiptera}, bifid (Plectoderes, Catonia sobrina Fowler), or HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA n in the form of two separate sclerites free from the margin of the pygofer (Rhotala}. The external male genitalia, while differing markedly in trivial ornamentation, are uniform in pattern : the phallobase is a broad submembranous tube with certain areas sclerotized ; the phallus is reduced to a sclerotized ring around the external opening of the genital duct, with a pair of long subequal strip-like appendages which are usually minutely shagreened at the apex ; in Rhotala these processes are minute, while the phallus takes the form of a short, hollow, membranous cone or 'vesica'. The harpagones, or genital styles, are relatively large, narrow basally and irregularly expanded distally : their inner ventral margins are straight and apposed when at rest ; the dorsal margins are produced into an eminence at the middle, while a vertical or curved spine may be present on the inner face near the base. A transverse bar connects the harpagones, and from its mid-point a long arcuate rod or tube extends to the apex of the ductus ejaculatorius. The external female genitalia conform to a basic pattern, and except in Rhotala are of broadly similar appearance. The membrane between the pregenital sternite and the external orifice of the vagina is sclerotized, usually in a moderately broad transverse plate, the subvaginal plate. Each of the first valvulae is made up of a small, pigmented, rather thick subtriangular lobe which lies ventrally, the ventral lobe, and a sclerotized horizontal limb bearing three to five teeth : in most genera the teeth are stout, triangular or spinose ; in Rhotala they are distally bifid, crenate, while about six narrow fimbriate lobes are also present. The second valvulae are membranous, and taper distally to a sudden dilation near the apex : each valvula is supported by two narrow sclerotized rods. The third valvulae are usually a little longer than broad, stout and deeply pigmented, a horizontal membranous lobe is present dorso-mesally, and the apical margin of the sclerotized lateral part of the valvulae is also narrowly membranous. In Rhotala the third valvulae are relatively long. The internal genitalia of the male (Fig. 103, m, ri) comprise paired testes situated above the eighth abdominal sternite. Each testis (Tes) consists of six spermatic tubules (Spt) in the genera examined (Catonia, Amblycratus) , each of which is con- nected by a very short vas efferens (Ve) to the vas deferens (Vd). The vas deferens terminates in a knot of tight coils, apparently an epididymis (Ep), distad of which the duct widens to form a vesicula seminalis (Vs). The vesiculae seminales unite at the base of the ductus ejaculatorius (Dej), which at the same point receives the ducts of a pair of accessory glands (AcGl). In Catonia each accessory gland is greatly elongate and consists of a long tube filled at the apex with densely granular cells ; these are replaced distally by clear highly refractive cells. 1 The distal portion of the tube is hollow and is filled only with secretion from the preceding. This secretion hardens in alcohol and readily takes up acid fuchsin. The ovaries are paired and in Catonia each is made up of six ovarioles. The ducts of the ovarioles are united at their lower ends to form an oviduct and the two oviducts meet immediately before entering a broad thin- walled chamber (Fig. 107) which represents the inner end of the vagina. Close to their point of entry a large- mouthed sac, the bursa copulatrix (Be), opens into the common chamber at the end of the vagina, while the long and relatively complex spermatheca (Spt) opens on to 1 This refers to fixed material. 12 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE the chamber on the opposite side. The apex of an ovariole is shown in Fig. 103, o. The spermatheca varies in detail but little in gross structure. At its inner end is a small, slender subfusiform tube (i) with delicate spiral folding: this narrows at its lower end, and enters very abruptly on to a wider tube, with regular transverse constrictions: this tube in turn narrows and becomes thick- walled and densely invested with what appear to be circular muscle-fibres (2) : near the genital chamber the spermatheca is broad and thin-walled. The bursa copulatrix is a pouch of ecto- dermal origin : its shape varies between genera. Its general surface is uniformly beset with minute sclerotized rings, either thick-walled or thin-walled (103, k ; 107, i) each bearing six or more tubercles. The wall of the bursa within each ring is extremely thin. The haemocoelic surface of the bursa appears to be densely coated with muscle- fibres. The minute surface ornamentation may include less definite elements such as alternating papillate and fimbriate projections (28, g), or short rows of tubercles (Amblycratus) . In addition to these the bursa may bear a sclerotized plate, armed with one or more spines directed obliquely into the lumen of the bursa. The spine is single in some genera (Bathycephala), while many are present in the sobrina group of Catonia ; in Plectoderes they take the form of a shagreened covering to the plate. Independently of the presence of such a sclerite, the entrance to the bursa may be armed with one or two sclerites, one of them usually bearing a spine, and occasionally both spinose (Mlanjella, described below). The nymphs of Catonia and Epiptera are similar to the adult in general form, though lacking the more bizarre specialization. The sides of the frons are beset with two rows of pits, probably secretory. Similar pits are present on the prothorax. Small groups of wax glands open near the base of the anterior wing pads, while large aggre- gations of wax glands occur laterally on abdominal segments 6, 7, and 8. The post- tibiae are unarmed. The dorsolateral processes of the ninth segment (see Fennah, 1945, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 47: 220) are short and distally crenulate, as in the delphacid Peregrinus. The nymphs are brown, powdered with grey. The eggs are ellipsoidal, twice as long as broad, and devoid of surface ornamenta- tion except at one pole, where about sixteen finger-like chorionic processes (Fig. 107, h) are closely aggregated to form a short peg-like eminence. Points of fundamental interest in the morphology of the genera are to be found in the evidence of parallel evolution, the direction of specialization within the group, and the evidence of affinity with other families. No attempt is made here to list all the characters which outcrop repeatedly, and presumably indicate the presence of a common group of genes. A few of the more obvious are given below, with some of the genera in which they occur: vertex with triangular areolets at latero-apical angles (Catonia, Cythna, Hamba, Taloka, Nephelia, Usana, Gordiacea, Magadha, Callinesia) ; pronotum with impressions and super- numerary ridges between the disk and lateral margins (Catonia, Opsiplanon, Cnidus, Necho, Koloptera, Haitiana, Taloka, Gordiacea, Betatropis, Rupex [described below]) ; tegmina with R, M, and Cu approximated at nodal line, Cuib strongly convex between claval apex and transverse vein (Koloptera, Haitiana, Taloka, Gordiacea, Deferunda) ; entrance to bursa copulatrix with a three-armed sclerite (Elidiptera, Paraphradmon [described below], Kawanda, Epiusana, Cionoderella, Remosachilus , HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 13 Paragandecca, Mlanjella, Ballomarius, Kurandella, Lanuvia, Bathycephala, Mora- ballid) ; dark tegmina flecked with pale green (Sevia, Catonid). It is of interest also to note the examples of convergent evolution between Achilidae and Derbidae. Both lay simple eggs, and the nymphal life is spent under bark or inside cavities in dead wood. In Rhotala the pregenital sternite of the female has assumed almost exactly the shape of that found in Derbe F., while the valvulae of the ovipositor have become modified into an approximation of the form of those of Derbe. In these two families the male genitalia have undergone considerable specialization, though not in the same manner. The granules along the tegminal veins in some genera would seem to correspond with those developed at the base of setae on the veins of certain Cixiidae (Mnemosyne) . The sulphur-yellow and purple-black colour of Plectoderes is curiously similar to that of Bothriocera cyanea Fennah both in hue and pattern. The Achilidae, on evidence so far obtained, belong to a group which includes Achilixiidae, Meenoplidae, and Kinnaridae. The fundamental characters shared by this group are : (i) a simple egg, (2) a cryptic nymphal life, (3) a reduced or obsolete ovipositor, (4) a tubular phallobase and a greatly reduced or obsolete phallus, (5) a long second post-tarsal joint, (6) a rostrum with a long apical segment, (7) a primitive tegminal venation (except in a few very specialized genera). The Kinnaridae have wax-bearing glands on the sixth, seventh, and eighth abdominal tergites, or on two of these: wax glands are present in this position in the nymphs of Kinnaridae and Achilidae and probably in those of the other families as well. The clavus is open in Achilixiidae as well as in Achilidae ; in these two families the united claval vein enters the apex of the clavus; in Kinnaridae and Meenoplidae this vein enters the com- missure, though narrowly so in the latter. The shape of the head of a typical proso- tropine Kinnarid (Quilessa) is approximated in Parakosalya. The form of the frons of Breddiniola is remarkably like that of a Meenoplid, though the median ocellus is of course lacking. The first valvulae of the ovipositor in Achi- lixiidae have ventral lobes, and the sclerotized limb a few teeth as found in Achilidae. The achilid pronotum, in all its forms except that with supernumerary ridges, may be compared with similar patterns in Achilixiidae, Kinnaridae, or Meenoplidae. While these four families form a natural group, it is remarkable how some of their lines of development exactly parallel those found in Derbidae. The Achilidae are of world-wide distribution in the temperate and tropical zones, but reach their maximum development in the latter. According to the interpretation of genera given below, no tropical genus is common to both eastern and western hemispheres with the exception of Rhotala, which occurs in the East Indies and Central America. In classifying the family the writer has found that genera fall into seven well- defined groups, here recognized as tribes (Rhotalini, Plectoderini, Myconini, Breddi- niolini, Elidipterini, Achilini, Apatesonini) , separated as shown in the key given below. Of these, the Plectoderini form the largest group and its members include the smallest and most primitive of the Achilidae: it is also the most widely dispersed, although, curiously, no plectoderine has been recorded in Europe. The Myconini are predominantly composed of New World genera, and Cixidia (Europe) is the only endemic Old World representative while Epiptera is apparently holarctic. The two I 4 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE genera of Breddiniolini are known only from West Africa and Fiji. The Elidi- pterini are almost entirely New World ; Mabira and Katbergella (described below) are African, and Neomenocria (proposed below) European; similarly the Apatesonini occur in the New World, with Ilva (West Africa) as the only Old World representa- tive. The Achilini are almost exclusively Old World and mostly found in Australia and Indonesia: American representatives include only the Neotropical Nelidia and Flatachilus (described below). The Rhotalini include only the aberrant Rhotala. The last tribe stands well apart from the others, not only in the extraordinary (though not fundamental) modifications of the genitalia of both sexes, but in the presence, or at least indication, of lateral sulci on the frons (a nymphal structure), in the greatly developed pronotal disk, and the flattened mesonotal disk devoid of a median carina, as well as in the seven-spined condition of the post-tibiae. In compiling the keys to the genera of each tribe, the writer encountered serious difficulty only in the Plectoderini. In this compact group the intergradation between characters well contrasted at the extremes of their development means that at some dichotomies in the key there is a small group of genera which could be assigned to either alternative with equal justification. To meet this difficulty the writer has inserted genera twice in the key where it has appeared desirable to do so. KEY TO THE TRIBES OF ACHILIDAE 1 (2) Width of vertex not two-thirds width of pronotum .... 3 2 (i) Width of vertex at least two-thirds width of pronotum . . .11 3 (4) Hind wing markedly notched at Cu2 ; seventh abdominal sternite of female elongate, medioventral process of pygofer paired and detached; post- tibiae six-spined ....... Rhotalini 4 (3) Hind wing and genitalia not as above; post-tibiae not more than four- spined ........... 5 5 (6) Lateral pieces of clypeus forming almost one plane with disk ; disk of pro- notum not elevated, two straight carinae between each eye and tegula ; post-tibiae two- or three-spined . . . . . Myconini 6 (5) Lateral pieces of clypeus not as above ; disk of pronotum elevated, or pro- notum steeply inclined ; a single marginal carina on pronotum between eye and tegula, or none ; if two, they are curved .... 7 7 (8) Venation of tegmina irregular distally in M and Cu, often with a dark callosity in M, apical margin usually deeply rounded . Elidipterini 8 (7) Venation of tegmina regular, apical veinlets numerous, no callosity de- veloped in M, apical margin shallowly rounded or subtruncate . 9 9 (10) Lateral marginal carinae of pronotum rounded to enclose a circular pit ; Sc and R in tegmina separate from base ; eyes excavate posteriorly Breddiniolini 10 (9) Lateral carinae not as above, sometimes obscure; Sc and R united in common stalk basally ....... Achilini 11 (12) Sc in tegmen usually with a long anterior branch obliquely bounding costal cell distally, tegmina tectiform, apically sinuate or subtruncate, vertex with anterior margin truncate or concave . . . Apatesonini HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 15 12 (n) Sc with anterior branch short, often recurved, tegmina shallowly rounded over dorsum when folded, apical margin strongly convex, vertex usually with anterior margin rounded or angulately produced at middle Plectoderini TRIBE RHOTALINI Head about half as wide as pronotum ; pronotum elongate, three-quarters length of mesonotum; mesonotal disk flat, ecarinate medially, apical veinlets numerous, parallel. Female with seventh abdominal sternite greatly produced caudad. Male with medioventral process of pygofer paired, free from hind margin. This tribe includes only the genus Rhotala Walker (haplotype R. delineata Walker) with about thirteen species in eastern Asia and one (ambigua Fowl.) in Central America. Dissections were made of the genitalia of paratypes of ambigua in the British Museum, and their structure was compared with that of Oriental species. It was found that ambigua does not stand apart from Asiatic members of the genus : in general appearance and in the genitalia of the female it is close to delineata Walker, while in the shape of the frons it agrees with nebulosa Distant. Errada Walker, 1870 (haplotype E. funesta Walker) is a synonym of Rhotala. Rhotala ambigua Fowler (FlGS. I, 2) 1905. Rhotala ambigua Fowler, Biol. cent.-Amer. Rhynch. Horn. 1:138. Anal segment of male elongate. Pygofer with two sinuate processes on each side, medioventral process paired, bounded basally by a transverse area of membrane. FIG. i. Rhotala ambigua Fowler, a, Head and thorax, dorsal view; b, frons and clypeus. Phallobase tubular with three curved ribbon-like tapering processes on each side ; aedeagus represented only by a conical vesica and a small oblique leaf-like plate on each side of it at base. Genital styles rather narrow, angulate, with a stout tooth directed dorsad. 16 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE Anal segment of female short, oval. Seventh abdominal sternite large, elongate- triangular, scoop-like. First valvulae sclerotized on upper margin with minute spines, lower margin deeply fimbriate, lobe slender, setose ; second valvulae long, slender, tapering, setose; third valvulae very narrow and elongate, the dorsal lobe of each laciniate, setose. The female genitalia show remarkably convergent development with those of Derbe F. (Derbidae). In the male the lack of sclerotization of the hind margin of the pygofer is apparently unique. The partial liberation of the paired sclerites of the FIG. 2. Rhotala ambigua Fowler. a, male genitalia, ventral view ; b, same, dorsal view. ventral process resulting from this de-sclerotization illustrates what must have occurred in the early development of Auchenorhyncha when the primitive append- ages of the ninth segment, the genital styles, acquired flexibility along the line of junction with the pygofer. The transverse strut which interconnects the genital styles has not separated from the ninth sternum. The arms which provide attachment for the muscles at the base of the genital styles are thin and relatively small, but it is evident that mating occurs in the normal manner, with the third valvula of each side locked between the medio- ventral process and the genital style basad of the stout tooth ; the male anal segment is thrust downward (the male being upside down) by the tip of the seventh sternite, with the curved sides of which the lateral processes of the pygofer may accidentally engage. These, like the spinose processes on the phallobase, are uncontrollable and almost certainly devoid of any definite function. TRIBE MYCONINI Head scarcely two-thirds as wide as pronotum, frons not elongate, median carina distinct on mesonotum, tegmina with regular venation and usually many apical vein- lets, apical areoles rather long, two complete carinae between eye and tegula on each side. Pro-tibiae longer than pro-femora with trochanters. Members of this tribe are of a more or less uniform brown colouration. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 17 KEY TO GENERA OF MYCONINI 1 (2) Lateral margins of frons subparallel, not distinctly ampliate below eyes, clypeus convex, tegmina with M four-branched . Myconellus gen. n. 2 (i) Lateral margins of frons diverging distally, ampliate below eyes, clypeus almost flat, tegmina with M not four-branched .... 3 3 (4) Vertex hollowed out, median carina feeble or absent, mesonotum quinque- carinate, if only feebly so, tegmina with M three-branched Cixidia Fieb. 4 (3) Vertex not as above, usually medially carinate .... 5 5 (6) Sides of clypeus forming an angle with disk ; dorsal lateral marginal carina of pronotum much stronger than ventral . . . Epiptera Mete. 6 (5) Sides of clypeus shallowly rounded into disk, almost in same plane ; dorsal lateral carina of pronotum not stronger than ventral . Myconus Stal MYCONUS Stal 1862. Myconus Stal, Bidrag Rio Janeiro-trakt. Hemipt. fauna, 2, K. svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 3(6) : 65. Haplotype, Achilus conspersinervis Stal. Myconus conspersinervis Stal (Fie. 3) 1862. Achilus conspersinervis Stal, loc. cit. : 3. Male: length, 9-5 mm. ; tegmen, n-o mm. Wings with Sc six-branched at margin, R three-branched, M three-branched. Anal segment of male long, narrow, evenly rounded at apex to a minute sharply deflexed peg medially. Aedeagus in ventral view with a long straight spine arising laterally near base directed caudad, a long vertical plate on each side with its dorsal margin straight, ventral margin tapering towards it distally, sharply bent to meet it at apex; middle portion tubular, a spine on each side at apex curved downward, mesad and anteriorly; median ventral plate terminating acutely at apex. Genital styles in profile narrowly subovate, a long stout process arising near middle on inner face near dorsal margin, curved posteriorly, swollen and bearing three spines, one directed mesad-caudad, one caudad, and one cephalad ; a small auriculate sclerotiza- tion on an eminence near base of dorsal margin. Redescribed from one male taken at Tijuco Preto, Espiritu Santo, Brazil, in collec- tion of British Museum (Natural History). This specimen was compared with Stal's type. Myconus trivittatus sp. n. (Fie. 4) Male: length, 6-0 mm. ; tegmen, 8-0 mm. Clypeus with maxillary plates forming a shallow curve with disk in apical third but separated from it by lateral carinae of disk. Pronotum with lateral carinae of disk strongly divergent, reaching hind margin. ENTOM. i, i. c FIG. 3. Myconus conspersinervis Stal. a, head and thorax, dorsal view ; b, frons and clypeus ; c, apical portion of clypeus in profile ; d, apical portion of tegmen ; e, vein Sc in wing ; /, right genital style ; g, apex of process on style ; h, apex of anal segment in profile ; i, same in posterior view ; j, aedeagus, ventro-posterior view ; k, apex of aedeagus, lateral view. FIG. 4. Myconus trivittatus, sp. n. a, apex of clypeus in profile ; 6, aedeagus, right side ; c, same, postero-ventral view; d, right genital style ; e, apex of anal segment, posterior view. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 19 Fuscous ; tegmina testaceous yellow, abruptly transparent at stigma, a band from base of commissural margin to middle of costa, another from apex of clavus to stigma, a diffuse spot in membrane beyond apex of clavus reaching towards apical angle and a rather broad marginal band fuscous, a few small fuscous spots along the major veins. Wings transparent basally becoming smoky towards margin. Anal segment of male elongate, suboval, deflexed at apex in a triangular flap, the apex lodging between two points on phallobase. Phallobase tubular, dorsal and ventral margins subparallel in profile, curved dorsad distally, with a median triangular vertical plate in the sagittal plane and a longer spine on each side at tip ; a long stout sinuate process arising on each side subapically, directed anteriorly, that of right side directed obliquely antero-dorsad, that of left side longer, directed anteriorly. Genital styles elongate, subovate in profile, apical margin very oblique, convex, a stout tooth arising near dorsal margin on inner face at middle, abruptly bent anteriorly in apical quarter and tapering to a point ; a short process on dorsal margin near base terminat- ing in a deep hook. Described from one male collected at Tijuco Preto, Espiritu Santo, Brazil (in collection of Brit. Mus. N.H.). This species is smaller than conspersinervis Stal and is most readily separated from it by the more flattened apical portion of the clypeus, as indicated in the profile figures. The species dulcis Gerst., doubtfully referred by its author to Myconus (Gerstaecker 1895), is a cyphoceratopine Tropiduchid possibly belonging in Arenasella Schmidt. The writer is unable to separate Messoides Metcalf (Metcalf, 1938) (orthotype, M. uniformis Metcalf) from Myconus Stal. MYCONELLUS gen. n. Closely similar in general appearance to Myconus Stal but smaller. Vertex with median carina in basal half ; frons with lateral margins subparallel, median carina weakly present, lateral carinae not prominent ; clypeus with lateral carinae weak, median carina absent, antennae with second segment ovoid, somewhat longer than broad, ocellus just touching eye. Pronotum longer than vertex, lateral margins long, ventral margin of lateral fields rounded-tranverse ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum together, tricarinate. Post-tibiae trispinose. Tegmina with clavus terminating basad of middle, M with four main branches, Cu forking distad of Sc+R fork. Anal segment ovate. Hind margin of seventh abdominal sternite medially pro- duced caudad. Type species, Myconellus tucumanus sp. n. Myconellus tucumanus sp. n. (Fie. 5) Female: length, 3-1 mm. ; tegmen, 5-5 mm. Yellowish-brown mottled with pale fuscous. Tegmina yellowish-brown, veins faintly infuscate at intervals, a fuscous band overlying apical transverse veins and passing to margin at Cuib. Anal segment ovate. Ovipositor with first valvulae narrow, in profile with dorsal 20 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE margin horizontal, curved upward at apex, ventral margin convex, tapering distally, three to five teeth, equidistant, on dorsal margin, the apical spine long. Third valvulae subquadrate in profile, dorsal margin slightly concave, a rather slender tapering membranous appendage at apex. Bursa copulatrix devoid of sclerotized WvJ^A_X>~ FIG. 5. Myconellus tucumanus, sp. n. a, third valvula of ovipositor, right side ; b, second valvula of ovipositor, right side ; c, middle portion of posterior margin of pregenital sternite. armature, uniformly covered with small rings. Hind margin of seventh abdominal sternite of female produced caudad at middle in a subquadrate lobe almost as long as broad, with lateral margins slightly convex and tapering distally, and apical margin shallowly excavate. Described from a single female collected in Tucuman Province, Argentina, B.M. 1902-288. Type in Brit. Mus. (N.H.). This genus is close to Myconus but is readily separated by its smaller size, as well as by the characters given. It differs from Epiptera in the shape of the vertex and in tegminal venation. CDQDIA Fieber 1866. Cixidia Fieber, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 16:499, pi. vn, fig. 5. Haplotype, Cixius confinis Zetterstedt. As the writer has not seen C. confinis the above tribal assignment should be re- garded as tentative. EPIPTERA Metcalf 1922. Epiptera Metcalf, Canadian Ent. 54:264. Orthotype, Plata opaca Say 1830, /. A cad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 6:239. This genus, as far as the writer is aware, is found only in the holarctic region. Epiptera fusca (Walker) comb. n. (FiGS. 6, 7) 1851. Monopsis fusca Walker, List Horn. Ins. Brit. Mus. 8:326. 1851. M.floridae Walker, ibid. 326. The writer has compared the types of fusca Walker and floridae Walker and is satisfied that they are conspecific. The former is slightly larger than the type of a . FIG. 6. Epiptera fusca (Walker). a, head and prothorax ; b, frons ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen ; e, wing. FIG. 7. Epiptera fusca (Walker). a, fif th-instar nymph ; b, frons ; c, dorso-lateral process of ninth abdominal segment. 22 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE floridae, but this discrepancy may be resolved if it be assumed that the type oifusca, which lacks the abdomen, is a female. Asfusca is listed by Walker before floridae the latter must be suppressed as a synonym. The figures are from the type oifusca. TRIBE ELIDIPTERINI Head half as wide as pronotum, frons elongate, no complete carina on pronotum between eye and tegula, or only one, median carina usually indicated on mesonotum, or fully present ; tegmina often with distorted venation in membrane, apical areoles usually short. Seventh sternite of female not produced or only very slightly so. The Elidipterini are all pallid, being powdered with white or greyish- white wax. In most genera the apical portions of the tegmina overlap when the latter are at rest. They have probably been derived from Achilini through forms similar to Aneipo. KEY TO GENERA OF ELIDIPTERINI 1 (2) Tegmina with a distinct rounded dark callus distally in M; subapical venation markedly irregular ....... 3 2 (i) Tegmina without such a callus ; venation nearly regular ... 13 3 (4) Tegmina almost three times as long as broad at widest part . . 5 4 (3) Tegmina less than 2-5 times as long as wide ..... 9 5 (6) Vertex ecarinate; tegmina with two subapical callosities, apical margin sinuate ......... Messeis Stal 6 (5) Vertex with a broad median carina; tegmina with one subapical callus, apical margin convex, deeply rounded ..... 7 7 (8) Claval veins united basad of middle of clavus . Neomenocria gen. n. 8 (7) Claval veins united distad of middle . . . Paraphradmon gen. n. 9 (10) Frons more than 1-4 times as long as broad; tegmina less than 2-4 times as long as broad, with two callosities subapically . . . .11 10 (9) Frons 1-4 times as long as broad; tegmina 2-4 times as long as broad, with one minute callus ..... Prinoessa gen. n. 11 (12) Anterior margin of vertex almost transverse, vertex longer at sides than in middle line; frons 1-7 times longer than broad; third valvulae of ovi- positor three times as long as broad . Metaphradmon gen. n. 12 (n) Anterior margin of vertex strongly convex, vertex not or scarcely longer at sides than in middle line ; frons 1-9 times as long as broad ; third valvulae 1-9 times as long as broad . . . . Elidiptem Spin. 13 (14) Frons not twice as long in middle line as broad . . . 17 14 (13) Frons more than twice as long in middle line as broad ... 15 15 (16) Width of costal cell one-fifth length to stigma. Common claval vein more than two-thirds length of first claval vein before junction Parelidiptera gen. n. 16 (15) Anterior margin of vertex broadly convex. Width of costal cell much less than one-fifth length. Common claval vein not nearly two-thirds length of first claval vein before junction . . . . Katbergella gen. n. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 23 17 (18) Width of costal cell at widest part one-quarter length to stigma. Sc simple Uniptera Ball. 1 8 (17) Width of costal cell less than one-quarter length. Sc with supernumerary veinlets Mabira gen. n. NEOMENOCRIA gen. n. Vertex between eyes wider than long in middle line, anterior margin carinate, convex, lateral margins carinate, straight, diverging caudad, posterior margin excavate approximately to level of anterior margin of eyes, disk with a marked de- pression on each side of broad median ridge which widens distally; frons twice as long as broad, lateral margins straight or slightly sinuate to below level of antennae, thence incurved to suture, width at apex 1-4 times width at base, median carina broad, percurrent, fronto-clypeal suture slightly impressed, clypeus with median carina broad. Antennae ovate. Pronotum in middle line slightly shorter than vertex, disk large ; mesonotum tricarinate. Tegmina not quite three times as long as wide, costal margin strongly convex near base, apical margin evenly rounded. Sc+R forking slightly distad of GUI fork, latter approximately level with apex of clavus, a small callus in M three-quarters from base, approximately seven apical areoles in Sc and R, five in M, and two in Cu. Posterior margin of pygofer biconcave, medioventral process broad. Type species, Elidiptera advena Spinola 1839. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 8:305, pi. 6, figs. 3, a, b, c. This European genus would seem to be near Paraphradmon and Parelidiptera but differs markedly in the shape of the vertex, the relative size of the antennae and the tegminal venation. ELIDIPTERA Spinola 1839. Elidiptera Spinola, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 8:304. Logotype, E. callosa Spinot. 1843. Helicoptera Amyot and Serville, Hist. nat. Ins. Hemipt.: 526. Elidiptera callosa Spinola (Fie. 8) 1839. Elidiptera callosa Spinola, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 8:305. Anal segment of female short, anal style elongate, setiferous. Ovipositor with first valvulae curved shallowly dorsad to form a stout spine at apex, three broad teeth on dorsal margin, thin, progressively reduced distally, ventral lobe unsclerotized, setiferous ; third valvulae with dorsal margin horizontal, membrane on apical margin deep, narrowly cleft near middle. Vagina supported by a deep flat sclerotized plate on each side and a shallowly scoop-like plate ventrally, the last extending basally into a narrow scoop-like lobe. Bursa copulatrix armed with a sclerite consisting of a transverse narrow lenticular plate bearing at its middle a long stout spine directed into the lumen of the bursa. Redescribed from two females taken at Kutari Sources, British Guiana, by G. A. Hudson (Jan.-Feb. 1936), Brit. Mus. 1936-360. A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE FIG. 8. Elidiptera callosa Spinola a, telson, side view ; b, latero-yentral processes of anal segment of female ; c, first valvula of ovipositor, left side; d, third valvula of ovipositor, left side; e, sclerites supporting vagina ; /, sclerite in bursa copulatrix, plan ; g, same, side view. FIG. 9. Eli diptera globulifera (Walker). a, frons and clypeus ; b, head and pronotum ; c, medioventral process of pygofer ; d, basal portion of same in profile ; e, anal segment, dorsal view. Elidiptera globulifera (Walker) comb. n. (FiG. 9) 1858. Euria globulifera Walker, Insecta Saundersiana, Horn.: 108. The type of this species, which is a male, superficially differs from callosa in its more pallid coloration, this being most pronounced in the tegmina, where the fuscous markings of callosa are developed in a light reddish-brown. It is not justifiable to place these species in synonymy without comparison of genitalia. Elidiptera docilis Walker belongs in the Tropiduchid genus Alcestis. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 25 MESSEIS Stal 1862. Messeis Stal, Bidrag Rio Janeiro-trakt. Hemipt. 2, K. svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 3(6) : 66. Haplotype, M . fuscovaria Stal. Vertex between eyes 1-8 times as wide as long in middle line, anterior margin carinate, curved, obtusely subangulate, lateral margins carinate, converging an- teriorly, posterior margin excavate, disk ecarinate, slightly depressed; frons 1-7 to 2-0 times longer than broad, lateral margins shallowly convex, carinate, median carina percurrent to distal portion of clypeus; rostrum just attaining post-coxae. Pronotum as long as or exceeding vertex, disk large, medially and laterally carinate, lateral carinae convex ; mesonotum tricarinate. Post-tibiae with one spine distad of middle. Tegmina 2-7 to 2-9 times as long as wide at widest part, anterior margin slightly convex, apical margin deeply rounded with a shallow sinus at Cuib; Sc+R+M forking less than one-quarter from base, Sc+R forking about one-third from base, M simple to nodal line, GUI forking about two-fifths from base, Sc simple to apex or once forked, R two-branched, M with five apical veins, Cuia with three, Cuib with two ; two callosities, one in subapical cell M3 and one basad of this on Cuia. Wings with R forked very near apex, M three-branched. Anal segment of male short, telson long. Pygofer with medio ventral process short, stout, broader across base than long. Messeis fuscovaria Stal (FIG. 10) 1862. Messeis fuscovaria Stal, loc. cit. : 66. Female: length, 3-8 mm. ; tegmina, 5-9 mm. The tegminal venation of Stal's female type is slightly variable ; the vein shown in broken line is absent from one side. Messeis elidipteroides sp. n. (FIG. IT.) Male: length, 5-2 mm. ; tegmen, 6-5 mm. Frons with median carina very prominent at base ; vertex three times as wide as long in middle line. Testaceous-grey ; tegmina greyish, translucent, a series of five oblique pale fuscous narrow bars in costal cell, the penultimate bar near stigma extending across to apical areoles of Cuia, apical areoles infuscate between MS and Cuib, subapical areoles narrowly fuscous close to margins, a series of four narrow pale oblique lines across corium between Sc and Cu, very faint. Anal segment of male very short, telson elongate, deflexed. Pygofer with medio- ventral process stout, twice as broad as long in ventral view, apical margin sinuate ; this process in lateral view curved, stout, subtriangular. Phallobase comprising a straight sclerotized bar dorsally in middle line obliquely truncate at apex ; with a spine directed upward at its base ; below this a semi-membranous scoop-like structure ENTOM. i, i D FIG. 10. Messeis fuscovaria St&l. a, head and pronotum ; b, irons ; c, tegmen ; d, apex of wing. FIG. ii. Messeis elidipteroides, sp. n. a, tegmen ; b, aedeagus, left side ; c, anal segment, posterior margin of pygofer and genital style, right side ; d, medioventral process of pygofer ; e, apex of process of aedeagus. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 27 supported laterally at base by sclerotized plates, and below by a denticulate plate on each side of middle line. Phallic appendages stout, curved dorsad distally and in profile each expanded into a broad quadrate plate at apex, dorsal and ventral margins denticulate. Genital styles rhomboidal in profile with a stout pointed process arising on inner face near dorsal margin, and a crescentic transverse sclerotization on dorsal margin at base. Described from one male collected by A. Mailer (1930) labelled 'Brazil, Sta. Catharina, Hansa Humboldt W. 50, S. 56 100 m. ' Brit. Mus. 1930-286. This species differs from the type species in size, proportions of vertex and frons, in details of tegminal venation, and in colour pattern. PARAPHRADMON gen. n. Vertex between eyes 2-5 times as wide as long in middle line, anterior margin carinate, curved, obtusely subangulate, lateral margins carinate, converging an- teriorly, posterior margin excavate, disk somewhat depressed with a strong median carina; frons longer than broad (1-6:1), lateral margins shallowly convex, carinate, median carina distinct, not much raised; clypeus with a triangular depressed area at extreme base, slightly tumid medially but devoid of a distinct carina; rostrum attaining post-coxae, apical segment half length of subapical ; antennae with second segment short, a little longer than broad. Pronotum slightly longer than vertex, disk large, medially and laterally carinate, lateral carinae convex, one carina laterally between eye and tegula, and a short trace of a second; mesonotum tricarinate. Post-tibiae with one spine. Tegmina about 2-8 times as long as wide at widest part, anterior margin slightly convex, apical margin deeply rounded, devoid of any sinus; Sc+R+M forking one- sixth from base, Sc+R forking about two-fifths from base, M simple to nodal line, Cui forking at middle of tegmen slightly basad of apex of clavus ; Sc simple to apex (omitting the stigmal branch), R two-branched, M with five apical veins, Cuia and Cuib each two-branched; a callus in cell M3, a small elongate rectangular cell near it on Cuia. Wings with R simple to apex, M with three branches. Seventh abdominal sternite of female with posterior margin produced medially. Type species, Paraphradmon albus sp. n. Paraphradmon albus sp. n. FIG. 12 Female: length, 6-5 mm. ; tegmen, 7-5 mm. Stramineous to pallid. Tegmina white, three short faint darker lines obliquely in costal cell at stigma, callus in M fuscous. Wings translucent. Insect powdered white. Anal segment of female very short, tenth segment short, ring-like, produced into a pair of short lobes on posterior margin, each lobe tricuspidate and bearing a seta at apex of each cusp, telson long, subcylindrical. Seventh sternite produced at middle of posterior margin into a small triangular lobe, wider across base than long in middle. Subvaginal plate scoop-like, narrowing to a point ventrally. Dorsal wall of vagina sclerotized into a rectangular plate three times as long as wide. First valvulae 28 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE of ovipositor in profile with dorsal and ventral margins parallel, the dorsal margin decurved near apex and bearing four teeth, of which the second from the base is short, and the apical is provided with a short submarginal tooth at its base ; ventral lobe of first valvula thin, carried vertically, its dorsal margin straight, ventral margin convex, setose. Third valvulae only a little longer than broad, subtriangular, dorsal margin longer than ventral, apical membrane rounded at dorsal angle ; a series of five FIG. 12. Paraphradmon albus, gen. et sp. n. a, vertex and pronotum ; b, frons and clypeus ; c, tegmen ; d, posterior margin of pregenita sternite ; e, anal segment of female, lateral view ; /, processes of anal segment ; g, h, ventro- lateral and lateral views of first valvulae ; i, right third valvula, inner aspect ; j, posterior view of subvaginal plate ; k, ventral view of sclerite in vagina ; i lateral and 2 dorsal views of sclerite on bursa copulatrix near entrance. vertical ridges on inner face of valvula near base, descending obliquely. Bursa copulatrix bearing a small lenticular sclerite laterally near opening into vagina, this sclerite bearing a single tooth projecting obliquely into lumen of bursa. Described from a single female in the Brit. Mus. (N.H.) taken at Tijuco Preto, Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Paraphradmon in general appearance is closest to Messeis. PRINOESSA gen. n. Vertex basally twice as wide between eyes as long in middle line, anterior margin carinate, curved, obtusely subangulate, lateral margins carinate, only slightly con- verging between eyes, rounded into apical carina, posterior margin roundly ex- cavate, disk depressed, devoid of median carina but with callosities on hind margin. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 29 Frons longer in middle than broad (about 1-5:1), lateral margins very shallowly convex, expanding to below level of antennae then gently incurved to clypeus, carinate, scarcely raised, median carina feeble, clypeus with median carina obsolete, laterally carinate. Antennae surpassing eyes. Pronotum slightly longer than vertex, disk large, carinate laterally and in basal half of middle line, depressed medially f FIG. 13. Prinoessa livida, gen. et sp. n. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, tegmen ; d, one of paired processes on anal segment of female ; e, first valvula, lateral view ; /, dorsal view of apex of third valvula, semi-diagrammatic ; g, third valvula, inner aspect ; h, bursa copula- trix, semi-diagrammatic. behind anterior margin, one complete and one incomplete carina on each side between eye and tegula ; tegulae large, ecarinate, mesonotum tricarinate. Tegmina about 2-4 times as long as wide at widest part, anterior margin almost straight except near base, apical margin deeply evenly rounded; Sc+R+M forking two-thirteenths from base, Sc+R forking one-fifth from base, M forking at level of stigma, Cu forking about one-third from base ; Sc with about four branches, R three- branched, M four-branched (i, 2, 3, 4), Cuia two-branched, Cuib two-branched, a callus in subapical cell M3. Type species, Prinoessa livida sp. n. Prinoessa livida sp. n. (FIG. I 3 ) Female: length, 5-1 mm. ; tegmen, 6-0 mm. Vertex with three callosities on hind margin, the outer two longer than middle ; 30 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE frons 1-4 times as long as broad, slightly convex in basal half, median carina feeble, distinctly stronger between middle and basal quarter. Pallid stramineous ; carinae of vertex tinged orange-yellow, pronotum and meso- notum near carinae minutely speckled fuscous-piceous. Tegmina greyish- white, costal cell, veins, and to a less degree intervenal areas minutely speckled fuscous; two dark agglomerations on posterior claval vein, a faint much-broken fascia from stigma to apex of clavus, a clouded line across inner portion of anterior apical areoles fuscous-piceous. Anal segment short, a pair of narrow quadrisetose lobes directed posteriorly, anal style elongate-ovate. First valvulae of ovipositor with first, fourth, and apical teeth larger than remainder; ventral lobe large, membranous, lenticular, sparsely seti- f erous ; third valvulae broad, with dorsal margin almost horizontal, ventral margin convex, apical angle deeply cleft giving rise to a finger-like lobe; a strong spine arising on inner face near base curved upward and mesad. Bursa copulatrix devoid of sclerotized processes, ornamented with small circles evenly and rather widely spaced. Described from one female collected at Kutari Sources, British Guiana, by G. A. Hudson (Jan.-Feb. 1936) Brit. Mus. 1936-360. The genus Prinoessa is readily dis- tinguished by the form of the vertex and tegmina ; the structure of the third valvulae of the ovipositor in the type species is noteworthy in that it exhibits a complexity unusual in the group, though it is not difficult to understand how it has been reached by modification of the sclerotic elements found in other genera such as Paraphradmon. METAPHRADMON gen. n. Vertex across base longer than in middle line (4:1), only very slightly produced before eyes, medially carinate, anterior margin carinate, very obtusely angulate, subtruncate, lateral margins carinate, straight, subparallel, posterior margin angu- lately excavate (about 130) ; frons convex, longer than broad (about 17:1), a little wider at base than at apex, lateral margins convex, basal margins truncate, disk slightly depressed between middle line and margins, lateral carinae not foliately produced ; clypeus short, medially and laterally carinate, a little more than half as long as frons ; rostrum with subapical segment longer than apical ; antennae ovate, not sunk in a depression, ocelli narrowly separated from eyes, eyes slightly excavate below, not markedly overlapping pronotum. Pronotum with disk well defined, medially and laterally carinate, lateral carinae straight or slightly concave, diverging basad, ventral margin of lateral pronotal lobes angulate and oblique; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate distinctly ; pro-tibiae about as long as pro-femora, post-tibiae with a single spine in basal third. Tegmina 2-5 times as long as broad, Sc+R forking at basal third, Cui forking slightly distad of union of claval veins, about sixteen apical areoles distad of stigma, clavus terminating distad of middle. Wings with R four-branched, M three-branched. Anal segment of female elongate-ovate. Type species, Metaphradmon tortrix n. sp. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 31 Metaphradmon tortrix sp. n. (Fie. 14) Female: length, 6-0 mm. ; tegmen, 9-8 mm. Head vertical behind posterior margin of vertex. Stramineous-testaceous ; clypeus, a band bordering median and lateral carinae of frons, vertex, and pronotum, lateral fields of pronotum except a wedge-shaped mark and two spots, a short stripe anteriorly and a broad transverse band on mesonotal FIG. 14. Metaphradmon tortrix: gen. et sp. n. a, vertex and pronotum ; b, frons and clypeus ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen ; e, apex of wing ; /, posterior margin of pregenital sternite, eighth segment and third valvulae, ventral view. disk, lateral fields of mesonotum except for a sinuate spot, legs except bases of pro-tibiae and meso-tibiae, ferruginous to fuscous. Tegmina mostly fuscous, four irregular curved spots in costal cell, cells Sc and Sc+R largely sprinkled testaceous ; a wedge-shaped stripe in Sc at stigma, a stripe across Sc4 and Sc5, a spot or area in all subapical cells and apical cells of R, and as far as M2 and a large spot beyond apex of clavus and two spots in cell distad of it ochraceous ; veins concolorous with corium or membrane which they traverse, two calloused spots in M piceous. Wings slightly infuscate, veins darker, except M-Cu cross-vein which is pallid. Posterior margin of pregenital sternite of female transverse; lateral portions of eighth segment produced into a point. Ovipositor with third valvulae about three times as long as broad. 32 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE Described from a single female from San Paulo, Brazil. Type in Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm. Metaphradmon is distinguished by the shape of the vertex, the tegminal venation, and the shape of the ventro-lateral lobes of the eighth segment. KATBERGELLA gen. n. Vertex between eyes about 3-5 times as wide as long in middle line, anterior margin carinate, broadly convex, lateral margins carinate, converging distally and curving into anterior margin, posterior margin deeply excavate, disk depressed, median carina strong in basal half, absent distally ; frons more than twice as long as broad, lateral margins straight, diverging to below level of antennae, slightly incurved to suture ; clypeus not sharply demarcated from frons, antennae with second segment FIG. 15. Katbergella griseobrunnea : gen. et sp. n. a, frons ; 6, vertex and pronotum ; c, tegmen ; d, apex of wing ; e, medioventral process of pygofer. short, slightly longer than broad. Pronotum much longer than vertex, disk large, medially and laterally carinate, two carinae at each lateral margin between eye and tegula; mesonotum medially carinate in apical half, laterally carinate throughout. Post-tibiae unispinose. Tegmina about three times as long as wide at widest part, anterior margin slightly convex, apical margin evenly rounded ; Sc+R-f M forking about one-sixth from base, Sc+R forking about one-third from base, M forking at level of nodal line, GUI forking two-fifths from base ; Sc forked at level of union of claval veins, with its distal branch bifurcate near margin, R with two branches at margin, M with three, Cuia and Cuib each simple. Wings with Sc simple, R and M each two-branched. Seventh abdominal sternite of female with posterior margin produced caudad. Type species, Katbergella griseobrunnea sp. n. Katbergella griseobrunnea sp. n. (FIG. I 5 ) Female: length, 5-5 mm. ; tegmen, 7-0 mm. Tegmina with a narrow but distinct costal area. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 33 Pale testaceous, lightly marked fuscous ; a series of four spots on lateral margins of frons and a broad band across frontoclypeal suture ochraceous ; a spot below eyes, and also below antennae, and lateral fields of pronotum fuscous. Tegmina pallid, translucent, slightly sprinkled fuscous, with a distinct rounded spot in costal cell near Sc+R+M stalk. Wings hyaline, powdered greyish-white. Pregenital sternite with a triangular medioventral process, as long as broad across base. Anal style short, not exceeding apical margin of segment. Described from a single female taken at 4,000 ft., Katberg, E. Cape Province, South Africa, by R. E. Turner (1-12 March, 1933) Brit. Mus. 1933-198. Katbergella is distinguished by its elongate frons and by its tegminal venation, which is almost Plectoderine in its simplicity. MABIRA gen. n. Vertex between eyes three times as wide as long in middle line, anterior margin carinate, broadly convex, lateral margins carinate, converging anteriorly to merge into anterior carina, posterior margin excavate, disk somewhat depressed, median carina distinct ; frons longer than broad, lateral margins shallowly convex, carinate, median carina distinct, antennae with second segment short, a little longer than broad. Pronotum longer than vertex in middle line, medially and laterally carinate, two more or less complete carinae between eye and tegula ; mesonotum tricarinate. Post-tibiae unispinose. Tegmina 2-6 times as long as wide at widest part, anterior margin slightly convex, apical margin deeply rounded. Sc+R+M forking one-seventh from base, Sc+R forking about one-third from base, M forking at level of nodal line, Cui forking two- fifths from base just distad of union of claval veins, Sc with supernumerary branches at margin, R two-branched at apex, M regular, with four branches, Cuia simple, Cuib with two branches. Seventh abdominal sternite of female with posterior margin transverse. Anal style much exceeding apical margin of segment. Type species, Mabira pallida sp. n. Mabira pallida sp. n. (FiG. 16) Female : length, 6-3 mm. ; tegmen, 8-0 mm. Stramineous ; genae and disk of vertex slightly infuscate. Tegmina greyish- white, a spot in cell R behind fork Sc+R, a spot in subapical cells Ri+2, Mi, and M2, a spot just distad of apex of clavus and a few faint chevron-like bars across veins of Cu in corium fuscous-piceous. Wings pallid, veins testaceous. Insect powdered pallid. Anal segment of female short, tubular. Anal style elongate-triangular, distally decurved. Seventh abdominal sternite posteriorly transverse. First valvulae of ovipositor with ventral lobes short, triangular, as long as broad at base. Third ENTOM. I, I. E 34 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE valvulae subquadrate, apical margin convex-truncate. Bursa copulatrix furnished with an L-shaped sclerite, pointed at one extremity. Described from a single female taken at Mabira, Uganda, by C. C. Gowdey (18 July, 1911) Brit. Mus. 1948-549. The genus is readily distinguished by the tegminal venation. FIG. 16. Mabira pallida, gen. et sp. n. a, vertex and pronotum ; b, tegmen ; c, anal segment of female, side view ; d, same, dorsal view ; e, ventral lobe of first valvula ; /, first valvula in profile, ventral lobe removed ; g, third valvula in profile ; h, i, two views of sclerite in bursa copulatrix. PARELIDIPTERA gen. n. Vertex at base about twice as wide as long in middle line, all margins and middle line stoutly carinate, disk depressed on each side of middle line, anterior margin sub- angulately transverse, lateral margins slightly converging anteriorly, posterior margin shallowly excavate, occiput long, vertical ; frons elongate, fully twice as long as broad, lateral margins carinate, diverging to below level of antennae, thence incurved to suture; median carina percurrent to distal part of clypeus; antennae projecting beyond eyes, second segment slightly longer than broad. Pronotum longer than vertex, disk large, laterally carinate, median carina feeble or obsolete, one carina at lateral margin between eye and tegula ; mesonotum with carinae obsolete or absent. Tegmina about 2-4 times as long as wide, anterior margin slightly convex, strongly so near base, apical margin deeply and evenly rounded, Sc+R-f-M forking near basal sixth, Sc+R forking about one-third from base, M forking at nodal line, GUI forking near middle of tegmen basad of apex of clavus ; Sc, omitting stigmal branch, four- branched distally, R four-branched, M five-branched, Cuia three-branched, Cuib two-branched. Wings with R two-branched, M three-branched, Cuia simple. Anal style large, almost circular, setose. Bursa copulatrix with a simple sclerotized plate dorsally. Type species, Parelidiptem teres sp. n. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 35 Parelidiptera teres sp. n. (Fie. 17) Female: length, 7-0 mm. ; tegmen, 9-7 mm. Vertex slightly declivous anteriorly, frons in middle line 2-25 times as long as broad, greatest width about one-quarter from apex. FIG. 17. Parelidiptera teres: gen. et sp. n. a, vertex and pronotum ; b, frons ; c, tegmen ; d, apex of wing ; e, anal segment and style, lateral view with most of setae on latter omitted ;/, first valvula ; g, second valvula ; h, third valvula (all valvulae in lateral view) ; i, ventral lobe of first valvula ; j, subvaginal plate, posterior view ; k, sclerite in bursa copulatrix ; /, bursa copulatrix. Ashy-grey, minutely and sparsely speckled fuscous ; abdomen testaceous, powdered white. Tegmina ashy, minutely speckled fuscous, a dark area in middle of costal cell and an oblique area extending between margin at stigma and R, veins pallid. Wings translucent, powdered white. Anal segment produced into two long cylindrical processes at lateral ventral angles, each process bisetose at apex, anal style large, subcircular in outline, thick, beset with stout setae. Ovipositor with first valvulae bilobed, dorsal lobe sclerotized distally and armed on upper margin near apex with seven subequal teeth, ventral lobe broad, setose, abruptly rounded distally, middle of distal margin produced in a small 36 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE triangular lobe ; second valvulae in profile with dorsal and ventral margins straight, parallel, the ventral curving upward distally to form a point at apex ; third valvulae broad with dorsal margin straight or nearly so, ventral margin convex, apex pointed, a sclerotized rod arising on inner face near base and lying close to ventral margin. Subvaginal plate very small, quadrate. Bursa copulatrix ovoid, armed in middle of dorsal surface with a small ovate sclerotized plate bearing two short teeth. FIG. 1 8. Uniptera ampliata Ball. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex, pronotum and mesonotum ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen. Described from one female taken at Parana, Brazil, by E. Dukinfield Jones, Brit. Mus. 1907-12. Type in collection of Brit. Mus. (N.H.). UNIPTERA Ball !933- Uniptera Ball, Pan-Pacific Ent. 9:133. Orthotype, Uniptera ampliata Ball. Uniptera ampliata Ball (FiG. 18) *933- Uniptera ampliata Ball, loc. cit. : 134. The figures have been kindly prepared by Dr. Paul Oman from the holotype in the U.S. National Museum. As far as the writer is aware Uniptera is the only representa- tive of the tribe in the Nearctic Pacific coast area. TRIBE BREDDINIOLINI Vertex transverse, subquadrate, frons with lateral carinae produced anteriorly, clypeus carinate laterally and medially, rostrum with subapical segment longer than apical, antennae exposed dorsally, not sunk in a pit, second segment ovoid, ocelli not touching eyes, eyes emarginate posteriorly. Pronotum relatively long at sides with HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 37 lateral carinae enclosing a circular fovea ; mesonotum longer than vertex and prono- tum combined, obsoletely tricarinate. Pro-tibiae shorter than femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with three spines. Tegmina relatively broad, clavus terminating distad of middle, Sc and R not forming a common stalk. The species of this tribe known to the writer are almost wholly piceous. One genus is known from West Africa and one from Fiji. KEY TO GENERA OF BREDDINIOLINI 1 (2) Frons medially carinate, lateral margins ampliate just before clypeus, lateral carinae moderately elevated, lateral carinae of clypeus converging distally at 20 ; vertex with lateral margins distinctly converging anteriorly . Breddiniola Muir 2 (i) Frons smooth medially, lateral margins parallel throughout, lateral carinae strongly raised, subfoliate, lateral carinae of clypeus short, convex, con- verging distally at an angle of 60; vertex with lateral margins not or scarcely converging anteriorly . . . Breddiniolella gen. nov. BREDDINIOLA Muir 1934. Breddiniola Muir, Ann. Mag. not. Hist. (10) 14: 581. Orthotype, Breddiniola tangensis Muir, 1934, loc. cit. Breddiniola collaris (Haglund) comb. n. 1899. Achilus? collaris Haglund, Gfvers. Vetensk. Akad. Fork. Stockh. 66:63. The description shows this species to be close to tangensis Muir, and as both occur in West Africa they may prove to be conspecific. BREDDINIOLELLA gen. n. Vertex with anterior margin transverse, lateral margins not or scarcely converging anteriorly, median carina obsolete, indicated only at apex, frons devoid of median carina, lateral carinae foliate anteriorly, clypeus carinate laterally and medially, rostrum with subapical segment distinctly longer than apical, antennae exposed dorsally, second segment ovoid, ocelli not touching margin of eyes; pronotum relatively long laterally, ventral margin of lateral fields angulate and oblique ; meso- notum longer than vertex and pronotum together, obsoletely tricarinate ; pro-tibiae shorter than femora and trochanters combined, post-tibiae with three spines. Tegmina with GUI fork basad of Sc+R fork. Type species, Breddiniolella leveri sp. n. Breddiniolella leveri sp. n. (Fie. 19) Female : length, 4-0 mm. ; tegmen, 6-0 mm. Piceous ; apex of clypeus, sides of frons, genae, a line on disk of vertex, a spot on lateral fields of pronotum testaceous-brown. Tegmina sooty-black, costal cell sub- hyaline. 38 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE Anal segment in dorsal view subovate, deeply and narrowly excavate medially at apex, anal style narrow, rounded at apex, not or scarcely exceeding lateral lobes of anal segment. Ovipositor with first valvulae narrowly rhomboidal in profile, furnished at apex with three short closely set teeth in an oblique row, and three more widely separated teeth along dorsal margin; second valvulae horizontal, each elongate, tapering distally with a fringe of setae on outer side and a small setose lobe at base ; G FIG. 19. Breddiniolella leveri, gen. et sp. n. a, anal segment of female, dorsal view; b, process of pregenital sternite; c, first valvula, lateral view ; d, third valvula, lateral view. third valvulae subovate in profile with a broad somewhat falcate lobe on dorsal margin at base and a triangular lobe at apex. Hind margin of seventh abdominal sternite produced in a triangular lobe 1-5 times as long as broad across base. Described from one female taken under bark by R. A. Lever, Nadala R., Viti Levu, Fiji (7 July 1944), Brit. Mus. 1948-549. This species, which is dedicated to the collector, is the only member of the tribe known outside Africa. TRIBE ACHILINI Vertex not or scarcely two-thirds width of pronotum, pronotum comparatively large, disk elevated, lateral marginal carinae variable, sometimes obsolete, never enclosing a fovea nor comprising two complete carinae which both lie straight and parallel between each eye and tegula. Tegmina large, shallowly tectiform, venation regular throughout, apical branches numerous, Sc and R united in a common stalk basally, no callus developed in M. With the exception of the neotropical genera Nelidia Stal and Flatachilus (described below) all members of this tribe are found in the Old World from Africa to Australia. The Australian genus Bunduica is placed in this tribe pending a critical examination of the type species. KEY TO GENERA OF ACHILINI 1 (2) Vertex with disk not depressed or only anterolaterally so, second segment of antennae projecting beyond eyes, carina between eye and tegula obsolete or absent, apical margin of tegmina convex . . .11 2 (i) Vertex with disk depressed, anterior margin distinctly carinate, antennae not projecting beyond eyes, one or two strong carinae between eye and tegula .......... 3 HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 39 3 (4) Margins of frons and clypeus not foliate, one carina between eye and tegula 5 4 (3) Margins of frons foliate, if not, then vertex medially carinate throughout, two carinae on each side between eye and tegula ... 7 5 (6) Clypeus in profile forming a very shallow curve with frons, basal width of vertex not twice length in middle, ventral margin of lateral fields of pronotum smoothly rounded, tegulae large, carinate Faventilla Mete. 6 (5) Clypeus in profile forming a strong convexity with frons, interrupted by a notch at suture, basal width of vertex more than twice length in middle, ventral margin of lateral field of pronotum oblique, meeting sides in an acute curve, tegulae minute, ecarinate . . . Booneta Dist. 7 (8) Vertex rounding into frons, apical margin obsolete, median carina elevated and percurrent through vertex and frons, margins of frons and clypeus not foliate ........ Nelidia Stal. 8 (7) Vertex devoid of median carina, margins of frons and clypeus strongly foliate ........... 9 9 (10) Vertex more than twice as broad as long, with anterior margin transverse, posterior margin not deeply excavate, frons at widest part not much wider than at base (1-2:1) .... Catonidia Uhl. 10 (9) Vertex usually not more than twice as broad as long, with anterior margin angulate at middle, posterior margin deeply excavate, frons at widest part twice width at base Aneipo Kirk. 11 (12) Vertex with disk not depressed, anterior marginal carina obsolete, second segment of antennae projecting markedly beyond eyes, apical margin of tegmina rounded Achilus Kirby 12 (11) Vertex with disk depressed anterolaterally, anteriorly carinate, second segment of antennae scarcely surpassing eyes .... 13 13 (14) Apical margin of tegmina subtruncate . . Flatachilus gen. n. 14 (13) Apical margin of tegmina rounded . . . Bunduica Jacobi. Achilus Kirby 1818. Achilus Kirby, Trans. Linn. soc. Land. (Zoo/.) 12:474- Haplotype, Achilus flammeus Kirby, loc. cit. : 475. 1843. Achillus Amyot and Serville, Hist. nat. Ins. Hemipteres: 524. This genus at present contains only the type species. A . dilutus Stal and A . dulcis Gerst. belong to the cyphoceratopine Tropiduchidae, A. conspersinervis Stal was made by him the type of Myconus, A. collaris Haglund is a Breddiniola, while A. costalis Haglund is evidently one of the Plectoderini, probably allied to Lanuvia. Faventilla Metcalf (Fio. 20) 1948. Faventilla Metcalf, Smith Coll. Gen. Cat. Hem. Fasc. 4, pt. 10 : 60. 1866. Faventia Stal, Hem. Afr. 4 :i8i. Logotype, Cixius pustulatus Wlk. 1857 /. Linn. soc. Lond. (Zoo/.) 1:87. Cixius diffinis Walker and C. guttifer Walker are members of this genus. A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE FIG. 20. Faventilla pustulata (Walker). a frons ; b, vertex and pronotum. Booneta Distant 1907. Booneta Distant, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 19: 291. Orthotype, Cixius ferr ugi neus Walker 1870 /. Linn. soc. Lond. (Zoo/.) 10:104. Cixius caliginosus Walker and C. luridus Walker are congeneric, the former being synonymous with the type species. Nelidia Stal (FlG. 21) 1862. Nelidia Stal, Bidrag Rio Janeiro-trakt. Hemipt. 2, K. svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 3(6) : 66. Haplotype, Phrygia ancora Stal. 1862 loc. cit. : 6. Figures are given of a species in the British Museum near N. ancora. The tegminal venation is very similar to that of Aneipo. FIG. 21. Nelidia sp. near ancora Stal. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head in profile. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 41 FLATACHILUS gen. n. Vertex approximately as wide at apex as long at sides, anterior margin sub- transverse, very obtusely angulate at middle, lateral margins slightly converging apically, posterior margin deeply excavate, disk depressed except for a prominent semicircular callus medially between middle and base, frons curved in profile, twice as long in middle line as broad, medially carinate, disk depressed, lateral margins obliquely foliate, clypeus convex, medially carinate. Pronotum large, disk elevated, anteriorly strongly convex, median carina absent, lateral carinae strongly sinuate, reaching hind margin near tegulae; mesonotum large, carinae obsolete or weak. Post-tibiae with a single spine just distad of middle. Abdomen markedly depressed. Tegmina large, tectiform, widest at apex, anterior margin slightly convex, apical margin subtruncate, sutural margin almost straight, base of costal margin reflected upward, costal cell wider than clavus, Sc+R+M forking about one-sixth from base, Sc+R forking about one-third from base, M forked near middle of tegmen, Cu forked at about same level as Sc-f-R, Sc giving off six oblique veins to costa before node, one at node, and five to margin beyond it, R forked near apex with two branches at margin, M with seven branches at margin, Cuia with two, Cuib with two ; clavus terminating slightly distad of middle of tegmen, no distinct nodal line, apical trans- verse line close to margin, apical areoles of R and M little broader than long. Wings with Sc simple, R with two branches, M with three, Cui with four. Anal segment of female elongate-ovate, broadest near base ; setose ; a pair of short setose appendages ventrally on tenth segment. Ovipositor with third valvulae sub- quadrate with dorsal and ventral margins convex, a small membranous lobe at apex. Bursa copulatrix with a single multidentate sclerotized plate. Type species, Poeciloptera diffinis Walker. Flatachilus diffinis (Walker) comb. n. (FIG. 22) 1858. Poeciloptera diffinis Walker, Insecta Saundersiana, Horn.: 57. White. Tegmina white marked with about eleven small black spots on corium and about seven in membrane close to margin. Ovipositor with first valvulae with dorsal limb sclerotized, bearing five teeth, the apical tooth longest, ventral limb membranous, deeply bifid, each ramus deeply cleft into two slender lobes, a slight sclerotization in basal portion of limb, third valvulae with membranous apical lobe vertical, elongate-triangular. Bursa copulatrix orna- mented with a system of thin-walled rings closely grouped, a single circular sclerotized plate, domed on haemocoelic surface, dentate on luminal surface, a few anterior teeth oblique, much longer than remainder. Redescribed from Walker's type and from one female taken by A. M. Moss, Para, Brazil (Rothschild Bequest, Brit. Mus. 1939-41). The general facies of the head and thorax is that of the Achilini rather than of the Elidipterini, while the venation, though reminiscent of that of Myconus, is also of Achiline pattern. ENTOM. I, I. F A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE FIG. 22. Flatachilus diffinis (Walker). a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen ; e, apex of wing ; /, anal segment of female, ventral view ; g, first yalvula, lateral view ; h, third valvula, lateral view ; i, j, ventral and lateral views of sclerite in bursa copula trix; k, ornamentation of bursa copula trix; /, spermatheca (semi-diagrammatic). Catonidia Uhler 1896. Catonidia Uhler, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 19: 281. Haplotype, Catonidia sobrina Uhler, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 19: 282. 1907. Ouwea Distant, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 19:292; syn. n. 1928. Spendon Jacobi, Ark. Zool. 19 A, no. 28; 26; syn. n. The writer has examined the type of Ouwea doddi Dist. and was unable to separate it from C. sobrina Uhler on the external characters used. The two are undoubtedly congeneric. Spendon Jacobi (orthotype Spendon flavonotatus Jacobi) is also con- generic, and it is probable that it is conspecific with doddi Distant. The last two genera must accordingly be suppressed as synonyms of Catonidia. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 43 Aneipo Kirkaldy 1906. Aneipo Kirkaldy, Bull. Hawaii. Sug. Ass. ent. Ser. 1 (9): 425. Haplotype, Aneipo diva Kirk. ibid. : 425. 1907. Tudea Distant, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 19: 290. Orthotype, Tudea picturata Dist. ibid.: 290. The striking colour pattern of members of this genus is unique in Achilidae. A transition from regular to irregular venation in the tegmina occurs between species in this genus. BUNDUICA Jacob! 1909. Bunduica Jacobi, Michaelsen, and Hartmeyer, in Fauna S.W. Austral. Homopt., Er- gebnisse Hamburg. Sud-west-australischen Forschungsreise 1905, 8:345. Haplotype, Bunduica rubrovenosa Jac. Bunduica rubrovenosa Jacobi (FiG. 23) 1909. Bunduica rubrovenosa Jacobi, loc. cit. : 345. FIG. 23. Bunduica rubrovenosa Jacobi. a, frons and clypeus; b, vertex, pronotum, and mesonotum (after Jacobi). The figures are after Jacobi. This genus appears to be isolated, and without examina- tion of the type species it cannot be placed, even tribally, with confidence. TRIBE APATESONINI Vertex transverse, as pronotum with anterior margin straight or concave, frons depressed, medially ecarinate or median carina obsolete or absent, lateral margins foliate, continuing along clypeus almost to meet at apex ; pronotum short, overlapped by eyes, mesonotum with disk clearly separated from sides by lateral carinae. Post- tibiae with one spine at middle. Tegmina tectiform, apically sinuate or subtruncate, Sc usually with a long anterior branch obliquely across costal cell, which is broad. 44 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE KEY TO GENERA OF APATESONINI 1 (2) Vertex not medially carinate, anterior margin transverse or very shallowly convex, length of vertex and pronotum together one-quarter length of mesonotum, ^egmina with costa remote from margin near base Sevia Stal 2 (i) Vertex medially carinate, anterior margin distinctly convex or concave, length of vertex and pronotum together not as above, tegmina with costa along anterior margin basally ....... 3 3 (4) Vertex much shorter in middle line than at sides, anterior margin very shallowly concave, frons with median carina obsolete, lateral carinae foliate or prominent, clypeus not strongly reflexed below thorax . . 5 4 (3) Vertex longer in middle line than at sides, anterior margin subrectangularly convex, frons with median carina more prominent than lateral carinae, clypeus strongly reflexed below thorax; combined length of vertex and pronotum about one-half that of mesonotum . . Achilla Hagl. 5 (6) Vertex almost completely covering pronotum laterally, tegmina with apical margin excavate in M . . . . . Apateson Fowler 6 (5) Vertex not nearly covering pronotum laterally, tegmina with apical margin entire Ilva Stal SEVIA Stal 1862. Diacira Stal, Bidrag Rio Janeiro-trakt. Hemipt. 2, K. svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 3 (6) -.3. (nom. praeocc.). 1866. Sevia Stal, Hem. Afr. 4:i8i. Logotype Diacira moerens Stal. 1938. Ateson Metcalf, Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 82 (5): 369. Orthotype, A. marmoratum Mete. (= S. bicarinata F.) ibid. 370. Sevia moerens Stal FIG. 24 1862. Sevia moerens Stal, loc. cit. :3. Female: length, 8-0 mm.; tegmina, 13-0 mm. Vertex devoid of median carina, frons medially carinate at base, clypeus broadly raised along middle line, lateral carinae of frons and clypeus foliate meeting at apex of clypeus, rostrum with subapical segment longer than apical, antennae exposed dorsally with second segment ovoid, ocelli not touching margin of eyes, pronotum with ventral margin of lateral fields angulate and oblique; mesonotum distinctly tricarinate, about four times as long as combined length of vertex and pronotum. Pro-tibiae longer than pro-femora and trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine at middle. Tegmina with clavus terminating at middle or very slightly distad of middle. Cui forking distad of Sc+R fork. The above summary of generic characters and the figures are based on Stal's type. The type species and intermaculata Stal (Fig. 25), a closely allied species, appear to have been rarely collected. On external characters it is not possible to separate HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 45 S. Ucarinata F. (Plata) from Ateson marmoratum Metcalf and it is considered that the latter must fall into synonymy with the Fabrician species. The type species and other species of Ateson seen by the writer (which include all the described and one or two FIG. 24. Sevia moerens Stal. a, vertex and pronotum; b, frons and clypeus; c, apex of tegmen; d, apex of wing FIG. 25. Sevia intermaculata Stal. a, vertex, pronotum, and mesonotum ; b, head in profile ; c, frons and clypeus ; d, tegmen. undescribed species) agree with the type species of Sevia in all significant external characters except size. Close comparison of the genitalia of both sexes between S. moerens and S. bicarinata may possibly reveal characters on which Sevia can naturally be divided, but on present evidence Ateson cannot be kept apart, and is here regarded as a subgenus which includes the smaller species. 4 6 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE ACHILLA Haglund 1899. Achilla Haglund, Ofvers. Vetensk. Akad. Fork. Stockh. 56: 62. Haplotype, Achilla margi- natifrons Haglund ibid. 163 . The characters of the type species are somewhat divergent from those of the remainder of the tribe. Anterior margin of vertex obscure, a strong median carina from base of vertex to apex of clypeus, clypeus short, antennae small, pronotum short. Tegmina with Mi, Mia, M2, M3+4. APATESON Fowler 1900. Apateson Fowler, Biol. cent. Amer. Rhynch.-Hom. l:yo, pi. 8, figs. 15, a. Haplotype, Apateson albomaculatum Fowler ibid. This monotypic genus appears to be confined to Central America. ILVA Stal 1866. Ilva Stal, Hem. Afr. 4:183. Haplotype, Ilva nigrosignata Stal. Hva nigrosignata Stal (Fie. 26) 1866. Ilva nigrosignata Stal, loc. cit. :i83. Length, 6-5 mm. ; tegmen, 10-0 mm. Vertex more than three times as broad as long, with median carina weak, most distinct at base, frons medially carinate, lateral carinae obliquely foliate, clypeus FIG. 26. Ilva nigrosignata Stal. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, tegmen ; d, apex of wing. broadly raised along middle line, lateral margins obliquely foliate, rostrum with subapical segment longer than apical (17:1), antennae exposed dorsally, second segment subglobose, ocelli not touching margin of eyes, eyes not covering pronotum HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 47 laterally ; pronotum moderately short, ventral margins of lateral fields angulate and oblique; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum together, distinctly tri- carinate. Pro-tibiae distinctly longer than femora and trochanters combined, post- tibiae with a single spine distad of middle. Tegmina with apical margin shallowly rounded, clavus terminating distad of middle, Sc, R, and M scarcely forming a common stalk basally, Sc+R and GUI forked basad of middle of tegmen, GUI forking slightly distad of Sc+R fork. The redescription and figures are based on Stal's type. The type species is known only from the Cameroons. TRIBE PLECTODERINI Vertex at least two-thirds as wide as pronotum, anterior margin convex or angu- lately produced at middle, tegmina shallowly rounded over dorsum and with mem- branous areas overlapping when folded, apical margin strongly convex, venation regular, Sc with anterior branch short, sometimes recurved, usually six subapical and eight or nine apical areoles; post-tibiae unispinose. The members of this tribe are small and for the most part coloured in shades of brown. KEY TO GENERA OF PLECTODERINI 1 (2) Width of vertex measured at base of middle line at least twice length along middle ; posterior margin not deeply excavate ; vertex declivous or base of f rons visible from above ; f rons relatively broad throughout ; no areolets laterally between vertex and frons ...... 3 2 (i) Width of vertex not twice length along middle; latero-apical areolets present or absent ......... 39 3 (4) Vertex with apical margin broadly and more or less evenly rounded 5 4 (3) Vertex with anterior margin truncate or forming an obtuse angle at apex ii 5 (6) Vertex distinctly depressed just inside anterior margin, frons with two pale transverse bands ....... Pyrrhyllis Kirk. 6 (5) Vertex not distinctly depressed just inside anterior margin . . 7 7 (8) Tegmina with vein Cuib deeply curved mesad before transverse line, some veins in part foliately raised ..... Rupex gen. n. 8 (7) Tegmina not as above, veins not foliately raised .... 9 9 (10) Frons strongly convex in profile, distinctly broader near level of antennae than at base ; median carina obsolete basally ; pronotum very short Plectoderes Spin. 10 (9) Frons shallowly convex in profile, scarcely broader near level of antennae than at base, median carina present basally, pronotum of moderate length . . . . . . Caffropyrrhyllis gen. n. 1 ii (12) Vertex about six times as broad as long in middle; tegmina with parts of M, Cu, and claval veins foliately raised . . Tropiphlepsia Muir 1 The Chilean Calerda Signoret is separated from this genus by having the apical areoles of M not more than twice as long as broad. 48 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE 12 (n) Vertex and tegmina not as above , . . . . .13 13 (14) Frons with disk markedly impressed in apical third, with a transverse pallid band ........ Aristyllis Kirk. 14 (13) Frons with disk not depressed, with two pallid transverse bands or none, rarely one .......... 15 15 (16) Tegmina with Sc and R together with only three or four veins at margin, Mi +2 forking at apical transverse line. Wings with R simple Plectoderoides Mats. 16 (15) Venation not as above ........ 17 17 (18) Frons with two pallid transverse bands . . . Benella Kirk. 18 (17) Frons devoid of such bands ....... 19 19 (20) Pronotum not greatly constricted behind eyes, and more or less carinate between eye and tegula . . . . . . . .21 20 (19) Pronotum greatly narrowed behind eyes, not carinate between eye and tegula . . . . . . . . -25 21 (22) Subcosta in tegmina with nine branches at margin; frontal and clypeal margins raised in a single unbroken curve, rostrum scarcely reaching post-trochanters ....... Kosalya Dist. 22 (21) Subcosta with less than nine branches at margin, frontal and clypeal margins not as above ........ 23 23 (24) Median carina of pronotum longer than that of vertex, lateral carinae of pronotal disk straight ..... Phypia Stal 24 (23) Median carina of pronotum not longer than that of vertex, lateral carinae of pronotal disk concave .... Kawanda gen. n. 25 (26) Vertex not more than twice as broad as long in middle, apex of clavus not distad of middle of tegmen .... Amblycratus Uhl. 26 (25) Vertex more than twice as broad as long in middle, apex of clavus slightly exceeding middle of tegmen ....... 27 27 (28) Width of frons at base exceeding three-quarters of width at its widest part 29 28 (27) Basal width of frons not three-quarters of its greatest width . . 35 29 (30) Frons longer than broad, i -6: i . . . . . . .31 30 (29) Frons relatively shorter . . . . . ... -33 31 (32) A transverse callus between frons and vertex ; lateral carinae of pronotal disk not attaining hind margin . . . Agandecca. White 32 (31) No such callus present, lateral carinae of pronotal disk attaining hind margin ........ Plectoringa gen. n. 33 (34) Frons about 1*1 times as long as broad . Hemiplectoderes gen. n. 34 (33) Frons relatively longer, length to width about 1*4:1 Rhinocolura gen. n. 35 (36) Lateral discal carinae of pronotum not reaching hind margin Abas gen. n. 36 (35) Lateral discal carinae of pronotum reaching hind margin . . 37 37 (38) Lateral margins of frons sinuate ; median carina of pronotum half length of lateral discal carinae ; mesonotum posteriorly depressed Paragandecca gen. n. 38 (37) Lateral margins of frons not sinuate, straight at base then convex ; median HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 49 carina of pronotum less than a third of length of lateral discal carinae ; mesonotum not depressed posteriorly . . Prosagandecca gen. n. 39 (40) Vertex devoid of a carina across apex, or with median carina prominent and apical transverse carina obsolete ...... 41 40 (39) Vertex with one or more distinct carinae at apex . . . -53 41 (42) Vertex four times as long as wide at base, median carina prominent, sub- foliate ......... Chroneba Stal 42 (41) Vertex not as above ......... 43 43 (44) Lateral margins of vertex slightly concave, vertex about as wide at apex as at base .......... 45 44 (43) Vertex not as above; tegmina with Mi +2 forked before distal row of transverse veins . . . . . . . . 51 45 (46) Width of clypeus at base exceeding width of frons at base . . 47 46 (45) Width of clypeus at base equal to width of frons at base . . 49 47 (48) Lateral discal carinae of pronotum curved laterad, not reaching hind margin Tangina Mel. 48 (47) Lateral discal carinae of pronotum short, reaching hind margin Paraclusivius gen. n. 49 (50) Vertex as long as broad across base .... Clusivius Dist. 50 (49) Vertex 1*3 times as broad across base as long in middle line Phrygia Stal 51 (52) Vertex distinctly longer than broad ; frontoclypeal suture deeply impressed ; rostrum attaining post-trochanters, pronotum punctate on each side of middle line ; post-tibial spine at middle . . Pamkosalya Dist. 52 (51) Vertex not distinctly longer than broad; frontoclypeal suture not at all impressed ; rostrum scarcely reaching to post-trochanters ; pronotum not punctate on each side of middle line ; post-tibial spine basad of middle Akotropis Mats. 53 (54) Vertex with a single distinct carina across apex . . . -55 54 (53) Vertex with two or more transverse carinae at apex, usually enclosing a more or less distinct triangular facet on each side at base of frons ; rarely a callus in place of such facets . . . . . . 99 55 (56) Vertex longer in middle line than broad at its base by at least 1-5:1 57 56 (55) Vertex relatively shorter ........ 61 57 (58) Pronotum with supernumerary carinae enclosing areolets on each side out- side disk ; tegmina with two or three callosities in apical cells of Sc and R 59 58 (57) Pronotum devoid of such carinae and areolets ; tegmina without callosities in apical cells ...... Callichlamys Kirk. 59 (60) Vertex flat, 1-5 times as long as greatest width ; a horizontal carina between eye and lateral margin of frons .... Koloptera Mete. 60 (59) Vertex hollowed out, fully twice as long as wide, no carina across gena Kardopocephalus Mete. 61 (62) Vertex declivous, anterior marginal carina acutely angulate at apex, base of frons visible in dorsal view ..... Spino gen. n. 62 (61) Vertex usually not declivous, anterior marginal carina strongly present, ENTOM. I, I. G 50 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE not forming an acute angle at apex, base of frons not visible in dorsal view ........... 63 63 (64) Vertex elongate-triangular, transverse or bluntly rounded at apex, pro- duced before eyes for about half their length, disk strongly impressed, median carina of frons not visible in dorsal view . . . 65 64 (63) Vertex five- or six-sided, not produced before eyes for more than half their length, usually less, anterior and posterior margins subangulate, median carina of frons visible in dorsal view ..... 77 65 (66) Lateral carinae of frons foliate at their junction basally, raised much above disk, frons not carinate in basal half, or weakly so ; tegmina with a large round callus in costal cell near node . . . Deferunda Dist. 66 (65) Lateral carinae of frons not foliate at junction basally, not much raised above disk, frons distinctly carinate in basal half; tegmina devoid of callus at stigma ......... 67 67 (68) Frons riot nearly twice as long as broad, vertex about as long medially as broad at base of median carina, lateral carinae of pronotal disk shallowly concave, apical areoles R 1; R s , and Mj in tegmen indented, apex of branches of Sc white, a spot in cells R 2 and M t . . Paratangia Mel. 68 (67) Not as above .......... 69 69 (70) Vertex produced before eyes for one- to two-thirds length of eye, in profile meeting frons at an acute angle ; lateral carinae of frons almost meeting in an acute point at base, not as eminent as median carina. Mi +2 in tegmina not forked before subapical line of transverse veins . 71 70 (69) Vertex produced before eyes for scarcely half their length, in profile not meeting frons in an acute angle, lateral carinae of frons more prominent than median carina, not meeting basally . .. . . -75 71 (72) Pronotum with supernumerary carinae and areolets outside disk Betatropis Mats. 72 (71) Pronotum without areolets laterad of disk ..... 73 73 (74) Posterior margin of vertex excavate .... Epirama Mel. 74 (73) Posterior margin of vertex truncate . . . CalliMamys Kirk. 75 (76) Vertex truncate at base ; lateral discal carinae of pronotum not more than i '5 times length of median carina ; tegmina with Mi +2 not forked before subapical transverse line .... Caristianus Dist. 76 (75) Vertex widely excavate at base ; lateral discal carinae of pronotum fully twice as long as median carina ; tegmina with Mi +2 forked a little before subapical transverse line .... Kurandella gen. n. 77 (78) Median carina of vertex at base as high as lateral margins or nearly so, median carina of pronotum usually only a little shorter than lateral discal carinae ; tegulae curved, not carinate . . . 79 78 (77) Median carina of vertex, if present, weak; disk of vertex distinctly de- pressed, without an impression on each side of middle line, tegulae often carinate or strongly angulately bent ..... 85 79 (80) Median carina of vertex distinct at apex ; pronotum very narrow behind eyes . . . . . . . . . . .81 HOMOPTERA: FULQOROIDEA 51 80 (79) Median carina of vertex obsolete or absent apically ; pronotum not narrow behind eyes .......... 83 8 1 (82) Lateral carinae of pronotal disk twice length of median carina Momar gen. n. 82 (81) Lateral carinae of pronotal disk not exceeding 1-5 times length of median carina ........ Catonoides Mete. 83 (84) Vertex acutely angulate at apex ; anterior margin of pronotal disk not more than one half of its width across basal margin . . Salemina Kirk. 84 (83) Vertex very obtusely angulate at apex ; anterior margin of pronotal disk fully three-quarters of its width across basal margin Cionoderella gen. n. 85 (86) Vertex deeply impressed in middle of disk, obsoletely carinate medially at base ; median carina of pronotum one-half as long as lateral carinae of disk 87 86 (85) Vertex, if impressed, not deeply so ; median carina of pronotum one-third as long as lateral carinae ....... 91 87 (88) Pronotum with a series of areolets laterad of disk; tegmina with Mi +2 forked at apical transverse line .... Francesca Kirk. 88 (87) Pronotum without such areolets; tegmina with Mi +2 forked just distad of level of stigma ......... 89 89 (90) Vertex acute apically, posteriorly acutely excavate, carinae of head sub- foliate ; lateral carinae of pronotal disk convex, short ; tegmina with most apical areolets of M half as long as subapical Moraballia gen. n. 90 (89) Vertex very obtuse apically, posterior margin parallel to anterior, disk as deeply sunken as long in middle line, median carina of frons not foliate ; lateral carinae of pronotal disk long and concave; tegmina with most apical areolets of M more than half length of subapical Bathycephala gen. n. 91 (92) Anterior third of mesonotal disk separated by a transverse ridge of callus from posterior two-thirds, this portion and part of lateral fields of a finer surface texture ; pronotum with four indefinite areolets on each side Kempiana Muir 92 (91) Mesonotal disk of homogeneous texture ; no areolets on pronotum . 93 93 (94) Vertex ecarinate ; lateral carinae of pronotal disk concave Lanuvia Stal 94 (93) Vertex distinctly medially carinate, at least basally 95 95 (96) Lateral carinae of pronotal disk concave . . Paracatonia gen. n. 96 (95) Lateral carinae of pronotal disk convex ..... 97 97 (98) Frons scarcely 1-3 times longer than broad; vertex forming angle of 130 at apex ; tegmina with cell M x scarcely twice as long as broad Mahuna Dist. 98 (97) Frons about 1-5 times longer than broad; vertex forming angle of 155 at apex ; tegmina with cell M x 2-5 times as long as broad at base Mlanjella gen. n. 99 (100) Latero-apical triangular facets of vertex feebly demarcated on their frontal margin, each traversed horizontally by a short carina arising from lateral margin ........ 101 52 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE 100 (99) Latero-apical facets, whether distinct or feebly developed, not traversed horizontally by a carina . . . ' . . . .103 101 (102) Frons broader than long ; antennae with second segment elongate-ovate, extending laterad of eyes; pronotal disk minute, vertical foliate ex- pansions on certain tegminal veins ; R, M, and Cuia converging almost to meet at nodal line ...... Haitiana Doz. 102 (101) Frons longer than broad ; antennae, pronotal disk, and tegminal veins not as above ^ Eurynomeus Kirk. 103 (104) Vertex markedly elongate ........ 105 104 (103) Vertex relatively short ........ 107 105 (106) Lateral margins of vertex strongly foliate, posterior margin almost level with anterior margin of eyes ; lateral carinae of pronotal disk foliate Pseudhelicoptera Fowl. 106 (105) Lateral margins of vertex not foliate, posterior margin not level with anterior margin of eyes .... Remosachilus gen. n. 107 (108) Latero-apical facets of vertex obscure, a broad callus in their place 109 108 (107) Latero-apical facets of vertex not replaced by callus . . . in 109 (no) Lateral carinae of pronotal disk concave . . Agandecca White no (109) Lateral carinae of pronotal disk convex . . . Aphypia Mel. in (112) Vertex 1-3 times longer in middle line than wide at its base ; latero-apical facets of vertex very small, frons three times as wide at widest part as at base ........ Hamba Dist. 112 (in) Vertex not so relatively long ....... 113 113 (114) Vertex distinctly medially carinate throughout, disk scarcely depressed, if at all, lateral margins of vertex not subfoliate or raised higher than median carina ......... 115 114 (113) Vertex not medially carinate or only strongly so in basal half, when lateral margins are somewhat raised ..... 133 115 (116) Frons broader than long in middle line; pronotum with five areolets laterally ; tegmina with Cuib abruptly and deeply curved near level of apex of clavus, corium granulate . . . . . .117 116 (115) Frons not broader than long ; tegmina with Cuib not deeply curved 119 117 (118) Frons broader than long (1-3:1) ; vertex with latero-apical facets large, extending caudad for at least one-third of length of vertex ; tegmina with apical cells of M distinctly longer than subapical, veins in mem- brane not granulate ...... Taloka Dist. 118 (117) Frons broader than long, scarcely 1-2:1; vertex with latero-apical facets minute, occupying one-fifth of lateral margin; tegmina with apical cells of M distinctly shorter than subapical, veins in membrane strongly granulate . . . . '- . . . Gordiacea Mete. 119 (120) Pronotum not markedly narrow or constricted behind eyes, usually devoid of areolets outside disk, lateral discal carinae not concave, not twice as long as median carina of pronotum . . .121 120 (119) Pronotum much narrowed or constricted behind eyes, usually with areolets, lateral discal carinae concave, at least twice as long as median carina 129 HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 53 121 (122) Vertex curving downward anteriorly ; lateral discal carinae of pronotum strongly convex, median pronotal carina not nearly half length of middle line of vertex ; tegmina with apical cells of M subequal to sub- apical cells or longer ...... Cythna Kirk. 122 (121) Vertex with disk in one plane ; lateral discal carinae of pronotum straight, oblique ; tegmina with apical cells of M not nearly as long as subapical 123 123 (124) Median carina of pronotum distinctly more than half length of middle line of vertex ; apex of clavus distinctly distad of middle of tegmen 125 124 (123) Median pronotal carina not distinctly more than half length of middle line of vertex ; apex of clavus not distad of middle of tegmen . 127 125 (126) Disk of pronotum not at all elevated, no impressed areolets laterad of disk ; tegmina with Sc and R forking much basad of node, with six or seven branches at apex ..... Usana Dist. 126 (125) Disk of pronotum slightly elevated, areolets present laterad of disk, tegmina with Sc and R forking close to node, with four branches at apex ........ Opsiplanon Fenn. 127 (128) Length of median carina of pronotum less than half that of vertex; rostrum not very short ; tegmina with apex of clavus distinctly basad of middle ....... Ballomarius Jacobi 128 (127) Length of median carina of pronotum half that of vertex ; rostrum very short ; tegmina with apex of clavus at middle Epiusana gen. n. 129 (130) Anterior half of vertex in profile straight, rectangulately meeting frons Phenelia Kirk. 130 (129) Anterior half of vertex in profile slightly decurved, almost rounding into frons at apex ......... 131 131 (132) Latero-apical facets of vertex as broad as long or broader; pronotum devoid of areolets ; anterior margin of pronotal disk transverse Nephelia Kirk. 132 (131) Latero-apical facets of vertex longer than broad ; pronotum with areolets laterad of disk, if feeble ; anterior margin of pronotal disk convex. Argeleusa Kirk. 1 33 ( I 34) Vertex transverse at apex, latero-apical facets minute, making outline of vertex subrectangular, lateral discal carinae of pronotum straight, reaching hind margin, not twice length of median carina Callinesia Kirk. 1 34 ( I 33) Vertex acutely rounded or angulate at apex, five- or six-sided, or conical in outline ' 135 J35 ( J 36) Tegmina with Mi +2 not forked before apical transverse line Cnidus Stal J 36 (135) Tegmina with Mi +2 forked before apical transverse line . . 137 J 37 (t-lfi) Latero-apical facets of vertex subvertical, scarcely visible in dorsal view ; pronotum devoid of areolets outside disk, lateral carinae of disk twice as long as median carina; mesonotum with a transverse callus on anterior third of disk Magadha Dist. 54 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE J 38 ( I 37) Latero-apical facets of vertex oblique, largely visible in dorsal view; pronotum with areolets laterad of disk, lateral carinae of disk three times as long as median carina; mesonotum without a transverse callus on disk . . . . . . Catonia Uhl. CALERDA Signoret 1863. Calerda Signoret, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 4 (3) :583. Haplotype, Calerda biocellata Signoret. Head with eyes not quite as wide as pronotum. Vertex transverse, about 1-8 times as broad as long, apparent anterior margin in dorsal view shallowly convex, vertex rounding into frons, devoid of anterior marginal carina. Frons strongly convex, devoid of median carina, lateral margins strongly produced laterally ; frontoclypeal suture excavate, clypeus convex, medially carinate. Antennae globose, ocelli ap- proximated to lateral carinae of frons ; rostrum reaching to post-coxae. Pronotum very short, median carina weak; mesonotum tricarinate, almost as long as wide. Hind tibiae devoid of spines. Tegmina narrow, Sc+R and Cui apparently forking about level with apex of clavus, apical areoles short, about twice as long as broad, rather less than half as long as subapical. Calerda biocellata Signoret 1863. Calerda biocellata Signoret, loc. cit. :584. Length to apex of tegmina, 3 mm. Yellowish ; two spots on disk of vertex near hind margin, frons except in middle line black; mesonotum with exception of carinae fuscous-piceous. Tarsi yellowish. Abdomen testaceous mottled fuscous. Tegmina translucent, veins brownish. The description and figure accord reasonably well in general characters with members of the Plectoderes group. While the head is like that of Plectoderes, Calerda is kept apart by the comparatively long pronotum and by the latter distinctly exceeding the width of the head with eyes. PYRRHYLLIS Kirkaldy 1906. Pyrrhy His Kirkaldy, Bull. Hawaii. Sug. Ass. ent. Ser. 1 (9) 1420. Haplotype, Pyrrhyllis pyrrhyllis Kirkaldy, ibid. 1421. Vertex broader than long (4:1), anterior margin shallowly convex, posterior margin shallowly excavate, disk declivous, depressed inside anterior margin, medially carinate except at apex, frons convex, as long in middle line as broad, median carina fine, absent at base, lateral margins gradually diverging to below level of antennae, foliately expanded laterally. Clypeus short, laterally carinate, median carina absent, rostrum with apical joint shorter than subapical, antennae sunk in a slight depression, but not roofed over above, subglobose, ocelli just touching eyes ; eyes not overlapping pronotum so as almost to cover it, pronotum moderately short, lateral margin short, no carina between eye and tegula, ventral margins of lateral pronotal fields sub- angulately rounded and oblique; median carina one-third length of lateral discal carinae, latter straight or convex; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 55 together, distinctly tricarinate, tegulae not carinate, pro-tibiae shorter than femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina with Sc+R forking distad of fork of GUI, Sc with two branches, R with two, M x forked at level of nodal transverse line, clavus terminating at middle of tegmen. Pyrrhyllis laevifrons (Walker) comb. n. (FiG. 27) 1858. Cixius laevifrons Walker, Insecta Saundersiana Horn.: 43. The figures are of Walker's holotype. As far as is at present known the genus is Australian. FIG. 27. Pyrrhyllis laevifrons (Walker). a, vertex and pronotum ; b, frons and clypeus ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen ; e, apex of wing. PLECTODERES Spinola 1839. Plectoderes Spinola, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 8: 328. Haplotype, Plata collaris Coquebert 1801 ///. Icon. Ins. 2: 79; pi. 18, figs. na-d. Head with eyes almost as wide as pronotum. Vertex broader than long (3:1), anterior margin shallowly convex, separated from frons by a very slender carina, median carina complete; frons longer than broad (i-i : i), very convex in profile, medially carinate except in basal third, lateral margins strongly produced laterally, clypeus subequilaterally triangular, straight in profile or nearly so, carinate medially and laterally, rostrum with apical segment longer than subapical or about equal, attaining post-coxae in female, antennae subglobose, sunk in a deep depression, ocelli distinctly separated from eyes. Pronotum very short, laterally in form of a thin subvertical plate, almost completely covered by hind margin of eyes, ventral margin of lateral pronotal fields angulate and oblique, disk finely tricarinate; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tri- carinate, tegulae not carinate, pro-tibiae longer than femora, post-tibiae with a single 56 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE spine basad of middle. Tegmina with Sc+R fork about level with Cui fork, Sc with 4-6 cells at apex, rather crowded. Clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. FIG. 28. Plectoderes collaris Coquebert. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen ; e, apex of anal segment of male, dorsal view ;/, medio ventral process of pygofer ; g, ornamenta- tion on surface of bursa copulatrix. FIG. 29. Plectoderes basalts Fowler. a, bursa copulatrix ; b, one of shagreen tracts in wall (enlarged), both figures semi-diagrammatic. FIG. 30. Plectoderes flavovittatus Fowler. Entrance to bursa copulatrix with (I) dorsal view of sclerite at entrance. In addition to the above characters the base of the frons is punctate. The figures of Plectoderes scapularis Metcalf given by Metcalf (1938, pis. x, xvi, xxn) justify his view that this species stands apart from P. collaris in characters of generic value. Until further material is available for comparison with the single specimen on which scapularis is based, the significance of its unusual venation must remain uncertain. For the present the writer makes this species the type of Plectoderella, a new subgenus HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 57 of Plectoderes, separated from the typical subgenus by the lateral carinae of the pronotal disk being four times as long as the median carina, and more markedly divergent laterad, and by the lateral carinae of the mesonotal disk diverging from apex to base : to these it may prove possible to add the forking of Sc+R near the base of the tegmina and the bifurcation of Cuia and Cuib after their separation. The writer regards the subgenus Plectoderes as containing only Plata collaris Coquebert (Fig. 28), P. basalis Fowler (Fig. 29), P. montanus Fowler, and P. flavovittatus Fowler (Fig. 30). P. collaris Coquebert in the male has the anal segment long and tubular ; in P. basalis Fowler it is short. In P. montanus Fowler the front oclypeal suture is deeply impressed and the lateral margins of the frons widely dilated ; the f rons is punctate from base to level of antennae, while the pronotum has four obsolete depressions on each side lateral of disk. On present evidence it would seem that the presence of a horseshoe-shaped sclerite at the entrance of the bursa copulatrix is a generic character. RUPEX gen. n. 1904. Plectoderes (pars) Fowler, Biol. cent.-Amer. Rhynch. Horn. l:no. 1938. Messeis Metcalf (not Stal), Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Haw. 82 (5) 1372. Head with eyes almost as wide as pronotum, vertex broader than long (3:1), anterior margin subangulately convex, separated from frons by a fine carina, median carina present except near apex, frons broad, convex in profile, medially carinate, clypeus subequilaterally triangular. Pronotum short, disk distinct, median carina not very much shorter than lateral discal carinae, pronotum laterad of disk not almost completely overlapped by eyes, hind portion not steeply inclined anteroventrad, with five obsolete ridges on each side ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, tegulae not carinate. Tegmina with Sc+R fork about level with fork of GUI, Sc with two branches just before fork, clavus terminating distad of middle. Type species, Plectoderes asper Fowler. Rupex asper (Fowler) (FiG. 31) 1904. Plectoderes asper Fowler, loc. cit. :no. FIG. 31. Rupex asper (Fowler). Vertex, pronotum, and mesonotum. This genus is distinguished from Plectoderes chiefly by .the characters of the prono- tum and of the tegmina. The medioventral process of the pygofer is bifid as in Plectoderes. The figure given is of Fowler's holotype. ENTOM. I, I. H 58 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE MOMAR gen. n. Head with eyes almost as wide as pronotum. Vertex across base at middle broader than long in middle line (17:1), medially carinate completely, anterior margin sub- angulately rounded, markedly convex, slightly produced before eyes, lateral margins straight, divergent basad, posterior margin angularly excavate, frons convex in profile, moderately broad, lateral margins somewhat diverging distally, median carina present throughout, lateral carinae produced laterally, clypeus medially and laterally carinate, apical joint of rostrum exceeding subapical joint, apex attaining meso-coxae only, antennae subglobose, not sunk deeply in a depression, ocelli not contiguous with eyes, eyes not entirely covering pronotum but much overlapping. Pronotum short, in middle line half length of vertex in same line, tricarinate, lateral carinae of disk straight, diverging to hind margin, each twice as long as median carina, lateral fields inclined anteroventrad ; mesonotum about twice as long as vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina with Sc+R and GUI forked at about same level, just basad of apex of clavus, clavus terminating at middle of tegmen. Anal segment of male very short, medioventral process of pygofer semilunate, not bifid. First valvulae of ovipositor with four teeth, bursa copulatrix with faint annular ornamentation, three or four enlarged rings near entrance, these rings each with five tubercles on one side. Type species, Plectoderes lineatocollis Fowler. Momar lineatocollis (Fowler) (Fie. 32) 1904. Plectoderes lineatocollis Fowler, loc. cit. :m, pi. u, figs. 26 a, b. The figures are based on the holotype from Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion) and on a specimen of the opposite sex in the type series. This genus is distinguished by the proportions of the frons and vertex, pronotum and medioventral process of the pygofer. SPINO gen. n. Head with eyes slightly narrower than pronotum. Vertex across base of middle broader than long in middle line (1-4 : i), medially carinate except near apex, anterior margin finely carinate, forming an angle of 75 at apex, produced before eyes for about one-third of their length, lateral margins straight, diverging caudad, posterior margin excavate, re-entrant angle 130; frons elongate, narrowed between eyes, convex in profile, medially and laterally carinate throughout, lateral margins sinuately diverging distally, antennae subovate, not sunk in a depression, ocelli not contiguous with eyes, eyes not entirely covering pronotum. Pronotum short, in middle line half as long as vertex in same line, lateral carinae of disk straight, diverg- ing to hind margin, each 1-5 times as long as median carina, lateral fields somewhat inclined anteroventrad but not extensively overlapped by eyes; mesonotum tri- carinate, about twice as long as vertex and pronotum combined ; post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina with clavus terminating about middle. Type species, Plectoderes notatus Fowler. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 59 f FIG. 32. Momar lineatocollis (Fowler). a, vertex and pronotum; b, male genitalia, lateral view; c, medioventral process of pygofer ; d, anal segment of male ; e, ventral lobe of first valvula of ovipositor ; /, sclerites in vagina ; g, a single thickened ring from surface of bursa copulatrix near its base. Spino notatus (Fowler) (FiG. 33) 1904. Plectoderes notatus Fowler, loc. cit. :no, pi. n, fig. 23 a. The figures are of Fowler's holotype. The genus is distinguished by the shape of the vertex and pronotum. S. notatus is relatively large. FIG. 33. Spino notatus (Fowler). a, vertex and pronotum ; b, frons. PHYPIA Stal 1862. Phypia Stal, Bidrag Rio Janeiro-trakt. Hemipt. 2, K. svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 3 (6) : 65. Logotype, Phrygia fuscoguttata Stal. 1938. Rhotella Metcalf, Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 82 (5) : 375. Orthotype, Rhotella punctata Mete., ibid. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex across base broader than long in middle line (2-2 : i), produced before eyes for four-tenths of their length, anterior margin carinate, forming an angle of 130 at apex, lateral margins diverging basad, posterior margin shallowly concave, median carina present ; frons shallowly 6o A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE convex in profile, longer than broad (nearly 1-5:1), lateral margins slightly convex, diverging to below level of antennae, median carina present throughout, lateral marginal carinae slightly subfoliately produced laterally, clypeus laterally and medially carinate, rostrum with subapical joint shorter than apical, antennae sub- globose, not deeply sunk in a depression, ocelli not contiguous with eyes, eyes not extensively covering pronotum. Pronotum relatively long, in middle line longer than vertex in same line (1-2:1), lateral carinae of disk prominent, straight, diverging to hind margin, each longer than median carina (1-7:1), pronotum laterad of disk moderately broad, not inclined anteroventrad, ventral margin of lateral fields oblique and angulate ; mesonotum three times as long as vertex and pronotum com- bined, tricarinate ; pro-tibiae about as long as pro-femora, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina with Sc-fR forking slightly basad of Cui fork, Sc with two branches at margin distad of stigma, clavus terminating at middle of tegmen, medioventral process entire, strongly convex. Phypia varinervis (Stal) (Fie. 34) 1862. Phrygia varinervis Stal, loc. cit. 2:5- FIG. 34. Phypia varinervis (Stal). a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen ; e, wing ; /, anal segment; g, posterior margin of pygofer; h, left genital style, lateral view; i, right genital style, dorsal view ; j, aedeagus, ventral view. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 61 In Stal's holotype the medioventral process of the pygofer is about as long as broad across the base. The genital styles are subovate in side view, and each has a small curved spine on its inner face, with a few small setae close to it. The anal seg- ment is small and the latero-apical angles are rounded and produced. Phypia punctata (Metcalf) comb. n. 1938. Rhotella punctata Metcalf, loc. cit. '.375. ABAS gen. n. Head with eyes not as wide as pronotum. Vertex across base broader than long in middle line (2-3:1), produced before eyes for nearly half their length, finely carinate medially except near apex, disk slightly depressed, anterior margin angu- lately produced forming an angle of 147 at apex, lateral margins straight, diverging basad, posterior margin shallowly concave ; frons moderately convex in profile, not quite twice as broad at widest part as at base, lateral margins distinctly diverging distally, incurved rather abruptly before suture, median carina prominent, present throughout, disk slightly hollowed out between middle line and margins, lateral margins carinate ; clypeus short, medially and laterally carinate, antennae subovate, not sunk in a depression, eyes not covering pronotum but markedly overlapping. Pronotum short, in middle line two-fifths length of vertex in same line, lateral carinae of disk concave, long, diverging to behind eyes, each five times as long as median carina, pronotum laterad of disk moderately inclined anteroventrad ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined (3-8:1), tricarinate, carinae parallel ; post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina with Sc+R forking slightly basad of Cui fork, clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. Wings with cell Rj short but longer than its stalk, M with two branches at margin. Type species, Abas unipunctatus sp. n. Abas unipunctatus sp. n. (Fie. 35) Female: length, 4-5 mm. ; tegmen, 5-5 mm. Stramineous, powdered white ; a narrow band extending from below antennae on to anterior portion of lateral fields of pronotum, above eyes and across basal angles of vertex, and covering disk of pronotum and apex of mesonotal disk, piceous. Tegmina cretaceous with a spot near apex of clavus piceous, apical margin and distal half of apical areoles slightly infuscate. Wings smoky. Seventh sternite of $ as long as remainder of ventral surface of abdomen, posteriorly transverse-concave. Bursa copulatrix apparently unarmed, a flattened polygonal sclerite in wall of vagina. The other details are best shown by the figure. Described from one female in the British Museum collected at Senahu, Vera Paz (Champion). The genus is distinguished by the shape of the margins of the frons and of the pronotal disk. The coloration seems to be unique in the tribe. 62 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE d FIG. 35. Abas unipunctatus gen. et sp. n. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, tegmen ; d, posterior margin of pregenital sternite of female ; e, ventral lobe of first valvula of ovipositor ; /, third valvula of ovipositor ; g, sclerite in wall of vagina. HEMIPLECTODERES gen. n. Head with eyes not quite as wide as pronotum. Vertex across base broader than long in middle line (3:1), produced before eyes for a third of their length, medially carinate, disk slightly declivous, anterior margin angulately produced forming an angle of 130 at apex, lateral margins straight, diverging basad, posterior margin shallowly subangulately concave; frons as long as broad, moderately convex in profile, i -3 times as broad at widest part as at base, lateral margins carinate, convex, diverging to just below level of antennae then incurved, median carina present throughout, disk not hollowed out longitudinally, distinctly punctate in basal quarter, clypeus moderately short, laterally and medially carinate, rostrum with apical and subapical joints approximately equal, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, eyes not covering pronotum but markedly overlapping. Pronotum short, in middle line four-sevenths length of vertex in same line, tricarinate, lateral carinae of disk convex, diverging basad, each 3-5 times as long as median carina, anterior margin truncate, posterior margin angularly excavate, pronotum laterad of disk moderately inclined anteroventrad ; mesonotum longer than vertex and prono- tum combined, tricarinate ; post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina with Sc+R forking about level with fork of Cui. Anal segment of male very short, latero-apical angles lobate. Medioventral process of pygofer subtriangular. Type species, Hemiplectoderes trabeculatus sp. n. Hemiplectoderes trabeculatus sp. n. (Fie. 36) Male: length, 47 mm.; tegmen, 5-0 mm. Female: length, 4-8 mm.; tegmen, 5-0 mm. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 63 Testaceous-fuscous, abdomen darker ; a spot on lateral lobes of pronotum piceous. Tegmina fuscous, all cells of corium traversed by slender pallid bars giving appearance of transverse veinlets, about fifteen irregular rows of such bars on corium ; transverse veins of membrane pallid. Wings smoky. Medioventral process of pygofer fully as long as broad ; genital styles with a large recurved lobe in middle of dorsal margin with a process directed inward from it. Phallobase with a lanceolate dorsal lobe, bifid at apex, a sclerotized process ventrally as shown in figures. FIG. 36. Hemiplectoderes trabeculatus gen. et sp. n. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, tegmen ; d, medioyentral process of pygofer ; e, genital style, lateral view ; /, aedeagus, ventral view ; g, same, lateral view ; h, apex of one of phallic appendages ; *, subvaginal plate ; j, ventral lobes of first valvulae of ovipositor ; k, sclerites of bursa copulatrix. Ventral lobes of third valvulae of ovipositor subtriangular, distally truncate, sinuate on mesad border, subvaginal plate transversely elongate, lenticular. Bursa copulatrix armed with two sclerites, one elongate-cuneiform, the other, twice as long, sinuate-lanceolate . Described from one male and one female taken in St. John's Valley, Northern Range, Trinidad, B.W.I., by Dr. J. G. Myers (10 February 1929 and 3 December 1928 respectively), Brit. Mus. 1929-170, on undergrowth of hill forest. This genus is distinguished by the proportions of the head and pronotum. SYMPLEGADELLA gen. n. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex across base broader than long in middle line (3:1), produced before eyes for two-fifths of their length, medially carinate except at apex, disk slightly declivous, anterior margin angulately produced forming, an angle of 133 at apex, lateral margins straight, diverging basad, posterior margin shallowly subangulately concave; frons moderately convex in profile, longer than broad (1-2:1), 1-6 times as wide at widest part as at base, lateral margins carinate, convex, gradually diverging to below level of antennae thence 64 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE incurved to suture, median carina present throughout, disk not hollowed out longi- tudinally, clypeus moderately short, laterally and medially carinate ; antennae sub- globose, not sunk in a depression, eyes not covering pronotum. Pronotum moderately short, in middle line equal to or slightly exceeding vertex in same line, tricarinate, lateral carinae of disk straight, diverging basad to margin, each 1-3 times as long as median carina, anterior margin angulately convex, posterior margin angu- larly excavate, pronotum laterad of disk moderately broad, scarcely inclined anteroventrad ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined (3-6:1), tricarinate; post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina with Sc+R forking at level of GUI fork and union of claval veins. Clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. Ovipositor with ventral lobe of first valvulae subtriangular, coarsely setose. Sub- vaginal plate transversely elongate, lenticular. Bursa copulatrix ornamented with thick-walled rings of equal size, each beset with about eight pustules. Type species, Symplegadella irrorata sp. n. Symplegadella irrorata sp. n. (Fie. 37) Female: length, 6-5 mm. ; tegmen, 7-5 mm. Head testaceous; pronotum testaceous with three obsolete depressions laterad fuscous ; mesonotum fuscous-piceous with four paler spots on disk, tegulae testaceous ; FIG. 37. Symplegadella irrorata gen. et sp. n. a, vertex, pronotum, and mesonotum ; b, frons and clypeus ; c, tegmen ; d, anal segment of female ; e, subvaginal plate; /, apex of first valvula of ovipositor; g, ventral lobe of first valvula; h, pair of shagreen folds in wall of bursa copulatrix ; i, cross-sectional view of one of folds (semi-diagrammatic) ; j, three rings from surface ornamen- tation of bursa copulatrix. femora fuscous, tibiae and tarsi testaceous. Tegmina with pale ground colour, but so heavily barred fuscous-piceous between the veins, herring-bone pattern, as to appear fuscous ; veins alternately pallid and fuscous-piceous. Wings smoky. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 65 Anal segment of female short. Ovipositor with ventral lobe of first valvulae small, beset with about a dozen setae ; first valvulae five-toothed, the teeth increasing in size distally. Bursa copulatrix with a pair of elongate, shagreened, rod-like structures formed by sclerotization of elongate grooves in the wall. Described from one female taken at Sabo, Vera Paz (Champion). Type in British Museum (Natural History). This genus appears to be close to Phypia, but differs in the proportions of the head and pronotum. PHRYGIA Stal 1856. Phvygia Stal, Ofvers. Vetensk. Akad. Fork. Stockh. 18:163. Haplotype, Phrygia fuscata Stal. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex across base broader than apparent length in middle line (1-5:1), not appreciably produced before eyes, medially carinate throughout, disk slightly declivous, anteriorly rounding into frons, not separated from it by a carina, lateral carinae straight, converging basad, posterior margin transverse; frons moderately convex in profile, longer than broad (1-1:1), 1-2 times as wide at widest part as at base, lateral margins carinate, convex, gradually diverging to below level of antennae thence incurved to suture, median carina present throughout, disk shallowly hollowed-out longitudinally on each side of middle; clypeus large, carinate medially and laterally ; rostrum short, apical segment small ; antennae subovate, not sunk in a depression, ocelli not contiguous with eyes, latter only slightly excavate beneath. Pronotum rather long, in middle line about a quarter length of vertex in same line, median carina distinct, lateral carinae of disk obsolete, diverging to hind margin, each about twice as long as median carina, anterior margin truncate, posterior margin angularly excavate, pronotum laterad of disk distinctly wide, not inclined anteroventrad, carinate at margins, between eyes and tegulae, ventro-lateral fields large, lower margin rounded; mesonotum tricarinate ; post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina 2-6 times as long as broad, Sc+R fork and GUI fork at same level near middle, clavus terminating distad of middle, R simple, M four-branched, Cuia simple, Cuib simple. Phrygia fuscata Stal (Fie. 38) 1856. Phrygia fuscata Stal, Ofvers. Vetensk. Akad. Fork. Stockh. 18:164. The figures, kindly prepared by Dr. Rene Malaise, are of Stal's holotype. PLECTORINGA gen. n. 1904. Plectoderes (pars) Fowler, Biol. cent.-Amer. Rhynch. Horn. I:io8. Head with eyes rather narrower than pronotum. Vertex wider across base between basal angles than long in middle line (2-3:1), declivous, produced before eyes for about one-fifth of their length, medially carinate in basal half, anterior margin ENTOM. I, I. I 66 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE FIG. 38. Phrygia fuscata Stal. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head in profile. carinate, forming an angle of 110 at apex, lateral margins straight, diverging basad, posterior margin excavate in an angle of 115; frons convex transversely and in profile, longer than broad (about 1-5:1), widest part about one-sixth broader than width at base, median and lateral carinae distinct ; antennae subovate, slightly sunk in a depression, ocelli not quite contiguous with eyes, eyes excavate ventrally. Pronotum in middle line two-thirds length of vertex in same line, not hidden below eyes laterad of disk ; anterior margin of disk transverse, posterior margin shallowly angularly excavate, lateral carinae of disk slightly sinuate, each 2-3 times as long as median carina ; areas laterad of disk not steeply inclined anteroventrally, compara- tively long behind eyes, devoid of supernumerary carinae ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate ; post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina with Sc+R fork at same level as Cui fork, Sc with one cell at stigma; ten areoles along apical margin. Clavus terminating at middle of tegmen. Medioventral process of pygofer approximately semicircularly rounded, obsoletely excavate at apex. Type species, Plectoderes excelsus Fowler. Plectoringa excelsa (Fowler) (FiG. 39) 1904. Plectoderes excelsus Fowler, loc. cit. ;io9, pi. n, fig. 21, a. FIG. 39. Plectoringa excelsa (Fowler). a, frons, anterodorsal view; b, vertex and pronotum; c, medioventral process of pygofer. Notwithstanding Fowler's note the paratype series includes a male, which is figured. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 67 RHINOCOLURA gen. n. 1904. Plectoderes (pars) Fowler, Biol. cent.-Amer. Rhynch. Horn. I:io8. Head with eyes a little narrower than pronotum. Vertex declivous, wider across base than long in middle line (2-8 : i), slightly produced before eyes, medially carinate, anterior margin carinate forming an angle of 150 at apex, lateral margins straight, slightly diverging basad, posterior margin very shallowly excavate; frons convex in profile, medially carinate throughout, longer in middle line than broad (1-4:1), widest part about 1-3 times width at base, lateral margins slightly convex or almost straight to below level of antennae thence incurved to suture ; antennae not sunk in a depression, ocelli remote from eyes, eyes not excavate below. Pronotum in middle line slightly more than half length of vertex in same line, distinctly overlapped by eyes laterad of disk, anterior margin of disk transverse, posterior margin angulately excavate, lateral carinae of disk straight or nearly so, each fully three times as long as median carina, areas laterad of disk steeply inclined anteroventrally, devoid of supernumerary carinae and areolets: mesonotum about twice as long as vertex and pronotum together, tricarinate, carinae parallel ; post-tibiae unispinose. Tegmina relatively long, Sc-fR fork about level with GUI fork. Type species, Plectoderes championi Fowler. This genus is distinguished by the shape of the vertex, frons, and pronotum, by the proportions of the body and its size. It differs from AmUycmtus Uhler and Hemi- plectoderes in the shape of the frons, and from Plectoringa in the shape of the vertex. Rhinocolura championi (Fowler) (FiG. 40) 1904. Plectpderes championi Fowler, loc. cit. :io8, pi. n, fig. 19, a. G FIG. 40. Rhinocolura championi (Fowler). a, frons, anterodorsal view ; b, vertex. The type species is comparatively large for a member of this tribe, being 9 mm. from vertex to apex of folded tegmen. CAFFROPYRRHYLLIS gen. n. Head with eyes about as wide as pronotum. Vertex broader than long (3-3:1) anterior margin carinate, broadly arcuate, passing insensibly into lateral margins, 68 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE posterior margin broadly excavate, median carina percurrent, somewhat obscure; base of frons visible from above ; frons longer than broad (1-3 : i), very little wider at widest part than at base, median carina percurrent, lateral carinae slightly foliate distally; clypeus rather short, carinate medially and laterally; rostrum with sub- apical segment as long as apical ; antennae subglobose, exposed dorsally, not sunk in a depression, ocelli not touching eyes, eyes not covering pronotum laterally. Prono- tum moderately short, medially carinate, not much inclined anteroventrally laterad of disk, anterior margin broadly convex, posterior margin shallowly concave, ventral margins of lateral lobes rounded, lateral carinae of disk not passing to hind margin, no carina between eye and tegula; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, distinctly tricarinate ; pro-tibiae shorter than pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina narrow, Sc+R fork level with Cui fork, Cuib not deeply convex distad of fork ; clavus terminating distad of middle. Posterior margin of seventh sternite of female transverse, ventral lobes of first valvulae of ovipositor relatively broad, obliquely truncate distally; third valvulae broadly subovate, a membranous lobe in ventral half of apical margin. Bursa copu- latrix furnished with a sclerotized plate. Type species, Caffropyrrhyllis bicuspidata sp. n. Caffropyrrhyllis bicuspidata sp. n. (Fie. 41) Male: length, 3-1 mm.; tegmen, 3-9 mm. Female: length, 3-9 mm.; tegmen, 4-8 mm. Testaceous ; a suffusion below antennae and a faint suffusion on each side of each mesonotal carina brown to fuscous ; ventral portion of lateral pronotal lobes fusco- piceous; a pallid vitta from antenna to lower half of tegula, including latter; legs pallid ochraceous; abdomen fuscous. Tegmina translucent, suffused yellowish-brown; cell Sc, stigma, apical cells of Sc, R, and Mi and membrane just distad of apex of clavus somewhat darker; veins concolorous, pale in membrane. Wings slightly smoky, veins fuscous. Anal segment of female short, lateral margins converging distally, apical margin notched. Ventral lobes of first valvulae straight on inner margin, external margin subparallel to latter, apical margin oblique. Bursa copulatrix armed with a sclero- tized plate bearing a long finger-like spine directed anteriorly and a short blunt subspinose eminence at its base. Described from two males and two females : i<$ Mossel Bay, Cape Province, South Africa, 1921, Brit. Mus. 1921-450 (October) and 1921-353 (August) ; i<$, i? Mossel Bay, Brit. Mus. 1921-353, i? Katberg, 4,000 ft., December 1932 (Brit. Mus. 1933- 695), collected by R. E. Turner. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA FIG. 41. Caffropyrrhyllis bicuspidata gen. et sp. n. a, frpns and clypeus; b, vertex and pronotum; c, head in profile; d, tegmen; e, posterior margin of seventh ab- dominal sternite of female ; /, anal segment of female ; g, ventral lobe of first valvula of ovipositor ; h, third valvula of ovipositor, lateral view ; i, j, postero-lateral and lateral views of sclerite in bursa copulatrix. TROPIPHLEPSIA Muir 1924. Tropiphlepsia Muir, Mem. Qd. Mus. 8:32. Orthotype, Tropiphlepsia badia Muir, loc. cit.:32. Head with eyes as wide as pronotum. Vertex broader across base than long in middle (8:1), anterior margin carinate, transverse at apex, lateral margins carinate, longer than vertex in middle line, slightly convex, diverging basad, posterior margin roundly excavate, median carina present ; frons broad, slightly wider at base than apex, lateral margins slightly convex, not foliate, median carina weakly present; clypeus short, medially and laterally carinate ; antennae subglobose, scarcely sunk in a depression, eyes not completely overlapping pronotum though nearly so. Pronotum very short, disk broad, areas laterad of disk strongly inclined antero- ventrally, lateral carinae of disk each twice as long as median carina; mesonotum slightly wider than long, about five times as long as vertex and pronotum combined, distinctly tricarinate, lateral carinae convex. Legs short, pro- and meso-femora slightly flattened. Tegmina with a small costal area at base, Sc-f R fork almost level with GUI fork, M united basally in a stalk with Sc+R, M fork level with node, Mi +2 forked basad of apical transverse veins, M3 +4 forked at their level ; Cui curved mesad to meet M3+4 ; clavus terminating about middle ; a foliate carina on M, Cuia+b, Cuib, and in two places on second claval vein. Anal segment of female small, seventh sternite with posterior margin deeply angularly excavate. 7 o A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE Tropiphlepsia badia Muir (FiG. 42) 1924. Tropiphlepsia badia Muir, loc. cit. '.32. b FIG. 42. Tropiphlepsia badia Muir. a, vertex and pronotum ; b, tegmen. The drawings are from a specimen in the British Museum. ARISTYLLIS Kirkaldy 1906. Aristyllis Kirkaldy, Bull. Hawaii. Sug. Ass. ent. Ser. 1 (9):4i8. Orthotype, Aristyllis aristyllis Kirkaldy, loc. cit. :4i9. 1926. Winawa Haupt, Philipp. J. Sci. 29:442. Haplotype, Winawa bicolor Haupt, loc. cit.: 443, pi. i, figs. 7, 8. Head with eyes not as wide as pronotum. Vertex declivous, anterior margin carinate, forming a distinct angle at apex, lateral margins straight, diverging basad, posterior margin subangularly excavate, median carina weakly percurrent; frons longer than broad (1-2 : i), lateral margins straight or very slightly sinuate, diverging FIG. 43. Aristyllis omphale Kirkaldy. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, basal portion of head in profile ; d, tegmen ; e, apex of wing. to below level of antennae, thence incurved, slightly foliate laterad distally, disk convex in basal half, strongly impressed in middle portion of distal half, clypeus short with lateral margins straight, medially and laterally carinate, rostrum with subapical segment shorter than apical, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 71 touching eyes, eyes excavate beneath, not covering pronotum laterad of disk. Pronotum moderately short, ventral margins of lateral lobes slightly obliquely transverse; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum together, distinctly tri- carinate ; pro-tibiae equal to femora, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina with Sc+R fork distad of GUI fork, Cuib not deeply convex distad of fork ; clavus terminating distad of middle. The genus is Australasian and at present includes only A. aristyllis Kirkaldy, A. omphale Kirkaldy (Fig. 43), A. adippe Kirkaldy, and A. bicolor Haupt. PLECTODEROIDES Matsumura 1914. Plectoderoides Matsumura, Ann. hist. nat. Mus. hung. 12:28r. Orthotype, Plectoderoid.es maculatus Matsumura, loc. cit. : 282. Head with eyes not as wide as pronotum. Vertex broader between basal angles than long in middle (2-5:1), anterior margin rounded-convex, carinate, lateral margins almost straight, posterior margin subangulately excavate, median carina present ; frons longer than broad (1-2 : i), lateral margins straight, diverging to below FIG. 44. Plectoderoides maculatus Matsumura. a, vertex and pronotum ; b, frons and clypeus ; c, tegmen. level of antennae thence strongly incurved, median carina weakly present, most distinct near base ; clypeus rather short, medially and laterally carinate ; antennae subovate, not sunk in a depression, eyes not covering pronotum. Pronotum moderately short, medially carinate, lateral carinae of disk convex, reaching hind margin, as long as median carina; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tri- carinate ; post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina with Sc+R fork level with GUI fork, clavus terminating distad of middle, Sc with two branches at apex, Cuib rather prominently convex distad of fork. The genus is Oriental and includes P. maculatus Matsumura (Fig. 44) and P. formo- sanus Matsumura. The figures are after Matsumura. 72 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE BENELLA Kirkaldy 1906. Benella Kirkaldy, Bull. Hawaii. Sug. Ass. ent. Ser. 1 (9) 1420. Haplotype, Benella aliena Kirkaldy, loc. cit. 1420. Head with eyes not as wide as pronotum. Vertex declivous, anterior margin carinate, shallowly convex, lateral margins straight, diverging basad, posterior margin angularly concave, median carina distinct ; frons longer than broad, lateral margins slightly convex, diverging to below level of antennae thence incurved, disk slightly convex, not at all impressed distally, clypeus rather short, medially and laterally carinate ; antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression ; eyes not covering pronotum laterad of disk. Pronotum moderately short, ventral margins of lateral lobes oblique ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate ; post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina smooth, not granulate, with Sc+R fork about level with GUI fork, Cuib not markedly convex distad of fork ; veins thin and prominent ; clavus terminating distad of middle. The genus is Australian and includes only the type species. The presence of a pair of pallid bands on the frons may prove to be universal in the genus, but is not limited to Benella. KOSALYA Distant 1906. Kosalya Distant,- Fauna Brit. Ind. Rhynch. 8:292. Haplotype, Kosalya flavostrigata Distant. Head with eyes markedly narrower than pronotum. Vertex slightly declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (3:1), produced before eyes for about a third of their length, medially carinate, carina distinct in basal half, obsolete distally, anterior margin carinate, rounded subangulately through 130, lateral margins straight, diverging basad, posterior margin excavate in an angle of 120; frons slightly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (1-2:1), widest part broader than width at base (1-5:1), median carina percurrent, lateral margins cari- nate, convex distally, foliate laterad ; clypeus moderately long, medially and laterally carinate, frons and clypeus longitudinally impressed on each side of middle line, rostrum with subapical segment shorter than apical ; antennae ovate, not sunk in a depression ; ocelli not touching eyes, eyes not covering pronotum. Pronotum moder- ately short, anterior margin of disk truncate, posterior margin angularly excavate, median carina present, lateral carinae of disk straight or slightly concave, each three times as long as median carina, pronotum laterad of disk inclined anteroventrally, ventral margins of lateral lobes angulate and oblique ; mesonotum about twice as long as vertex and pronotum together, distinctly tricarinate ; pro-tibiae shorter than pro- femora and trochanters, post-tibiae with a spine basad of middle and one distad of middle. Tegmina with Sc+R fork slightly distad of GUI fork, M forking just basad of node, about seven apical areoles in Sc and R distad of stigma, Mi +2 forked at level of stigma, clavus terminating at middle. The genus is so far represented only by the type species. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA Kosalya flavostrigata Distant (FiG. 45) 1906. Kosalya flavostrigata Distant, loc. cit. 1293, fig. 140. 73 FIG. 45. Kosalya flavostrigata, Distant. a, frons and clypeus; b, vertex and pronotum; c, head in profile; d, tegmen; e, apex of tegmen The figures are of the holotype. It is uncertain whether the bispinose condition of the post-tibiae is normal. KAWANDA gen. n. Head with eyes markedly narrower than pronotum. Vertex slightly declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (3:1), produced before eyes for slightly more than a fifth of their length, medially carinate except at apex, anterior margin carinate forming an angle of 150 at apex, lateral margins straight, diverging basad, posterior margin excavate in an angle of 143 ; frons moderately convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (1-3 : i), widest part wider than base (1-3 : i), median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, convex, slightly foliate laterad distally ; clypeus fully two-thirds length of frons in middle line, medially and laterally carinate ; antennae subovate, not sunk in a depression ; ocelli not touching eyes, eyes slightly excavate beneath, not extensively overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately short, anterior margin of disk subtruncate, posterior margin deeply concave, median carina present, lateral carinae of disk concave, not attaining posterior margin, each 3-4 times length of median carina, pronotum laterad of disk distinctly inclined anteroventrally, ventral margins of lateral lobes oblique ; mesonotum about twice as long as vertex and pronotum combined, distinctly tricarinate; post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina elongate, Sc+R fork at same level as GUI fork, both basad of union of claval veins, M forked almost level with apex of clavus, nine apical areoles distad of stigma ; clavus terminating at middle. Wings with R and M each two-branched, GUI three-branched. ENTOM. i, i. K 74 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE Anal segment of female short. Posterior margin of seventh sternite very slightly convex, feebly produced on each side of middle, with a shallow concavity medially. Ovipositor with first valvulae quadrispinose, third valvulae subquadrate, slightly expanded distally, membranous portion of apical margin produced at its upper end. Type species, Kawanda luteovittata sp. n. Kawanda luteovittata sp. n. (Fie. 46) Female: length. 4-2 mm. ; tegmen, 6-3 mm. Testaceous-fuscous; a round spot on gena below antennae near suture piceous, antennae and mesonotum ferruginous. Tegmina dull brown, a pale yellow band along whole of costal margin, extending across costal and subcostal cells. FIG. 46. Kawanda luteovittata, gen. et sp. n. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, frons in profile ; d, tegmen ; e, posterior margin of pregenital sternite ; /, third valvula of ovipositor, lateral view ; g, anal segment of female ; h, (i) sclerite in vagina, (2) sclerite at entrance to bursa copulatrix ; these sclerites are situated in relation to each other as shown. First valvulae of ovipositor quadridentate with basal tooth short and the remainder relatively long. Bursa copulatrix furnished near entrance with a crescentic sclerite with a stout spine at middle nearly as long as each limb of crescent, a sclerite of similar shape in vagina. Described from one female collected at Kawanda, Uganda, by T. H. C. Taylor (10 June 1941). Type in British Museum. Kawanda is distinguished by the shape of the head and by tegminal venation. LANUVIAStal 1866. Lanuvia Stal, Hemipt. Africana, 4: 182. Head with eyes slightly narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous or scarcely so, broader across base than long in middle line (1-6:1), produced before eyes for about a third of their length, median carina absent, disk depressed, anterior margin HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 75 carinate forming an angle of 135 at apex, lateral margins subparallel, straight, posterior margin truncate ; frons moderately convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (1-1:1), widest part wider than base (1-3:1), basal margin slightly excavate, median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, straight to below level of antennae, thence incurved to suture, strongly foliate laterally, disk of frons and clypeus depressed on each side between middle line and lateral margin ; clypeus two- thirds length of frons, medially and laterally carinate ; rostrum not attaining post- trochanters, antennae rather small, subovate, not sunk in a depression; ocelli not quite touching eyes, eyes not excavate beneath, moderately overlapping pronotum. Pronotum short, anterior margin of disk truncate, posterior margin excavate in an angle of 125, median carina present, lateral carinae of disk concave, attaining hind margin or nearly so, each about three times as long as median carina, pronotum laterad of disk distinctly inclined anteroventrally, ventral margin of lateral lobes angulate and oblique ; mesonotum about twice as long as vertex and pronotum com- bined, distinctly tricarinate ; legs rather short, pro-tibiae subequal to pro-femora and pro-tibiae combined ; post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina elongate, costal margin markedly convex at base, Sc+R fork slightly basad of Cui fork, level with or distad of union of claval veins ; M forked level with stigma, nine apical areoles distad of stigma; clavus terminating distad of middle. Wings with R and M each two-branched, Cui three-branched. Posterior margin of seventh abdominal sternite of female sinuate, transverse. Ovipositor with third valvulae subquadrate, apical margin convex-truncate, slightly oblique. Anal segment of female short, apical margin excavate. Bursa copulatrix furnished with a crescentic sclerite with a spine at middle. Type species, Lanuvia luteovittata sp. n. Lanuvia luteovittata sp. n. (FiG. 47) Female: length, 5-0 mm. ; tegmen, 6-8 mm. Fuscous-piceous ; basal half of frons fuscous, lateral carinae of vertex and of pronotal and mesonotal disks, a stripe from ocelli across mesopleurites, lateral marginal carinae of pronotum, and dorsal portion of tegulae, chrome yellow ; base of abdomen dorsally testaceous or pale brown. Tegmina fuscous-piceous ; costal margin, an oblique stripe from base of costa to middle of M in corium, an oblique stripe from Sc+R fork to M fork, apical portion of Cu2 in clavus and pCu chrome yellow; veins otherwise piceous. Wings fuscous, veins darker. Seventh abdominal sternite of female with posterior margin sinuate, shallowly convex in middle portion. Ovipositor with third valvulae subquadrate, apical margin oblique. Bursa copulatrix furnished at entrance with a crescentic sclerite bearing a long stout spine at middle. Described from two females labelled 'Cameroons 1903-355'. Type in Brit. Mus. (N.H.). 7 6 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE The genus Lanuvia was characterized in tome iv of Hemiptera Africana without mention of species. No species has subsequently been placed in the genus. According to Opinion 46 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature genera FIG. 47. Lanuvia luteovittata, sp. n. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen ; e, apex of wing ; /, posterior margin of pregenital sternite ; g, third valvula of ovipositor, lateral view; h, i, lateral and posterior views of spinose sclerite at entrance to bursa copulatrix. described without mention of species are to be regarded as including all the species in the world which agree with the generic description. The above species agrees very well with the detailed description of the genus given by Stal ; moreover, this and the following species are both known only from Africa. On these grounds the writer has selected luteovittata as the type species. Lanuvia octoguttata sp. n. (FIG. 48) Female: length, 5-1 mm. ; tegmen, 6-3 mm. Dark testaceous ; a round spot on each lateral field of pronotum piceous ; disk and lateral fields of mesonotum, median carina, base and apex of pro- and meso-tibiae, apex of post-tibiae and abdomen, fuscous. Tegmina fuscous-piceous, costal area and costal cell testaceous-ferruginous, veins ferruginous; a slightly oblique elongate spot in cell Sc+R at basal third, another at apex of same cell, overlapping cell M slightly, a broad band overlying first claval vein, chrome yellow. Posterior margin of seventh sternite transverse, middle portion shallowly excavate. Ovipositor with third valvulae subquadrate, apical margin truncate-convex, not oblique. Bursa copulatrix furnished with a crescentic sclerite with a stout spine at middle. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 77 Described from two females, one taken at 4,800 ft., Mpanga forest, Toro, 13-23 November 1911, and Daro forest, Toro, 4,000-4,500 ft., 25-29 October 1911, FIG. 48. Lanuvia octoguttata, sp. n. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen ; e, posterior margin of pregenital sternite of female ; /, third valvula of ovipositor, lateral view ; g, spinose sclerite at entrance to bursa copulatrix. Uganda, by S. A. Neave, Brit. Mus. 1912-193. The markings distinguish the two species, while the median spine on the crescentic sclerite is shorter in octoguttata than in luteovittata. CATONOIDES Metcalf 1938. Catonoides Metcalf, Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 82:376. Orthotype, C, fusca Metcalf. Head with eyes slightly narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous or scarcely so, broader across base than long in middle line (about 2:1), produced before eyes for scarcely a fifth of their length, median carina distinct throughout, disk slightly depressed, anterior margin carinate, convex through an angle of approximately 110, lateral margins carinate, short, diverging basad, posterior margin broadly excavate ; frons moderately convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (about 1-3:1), widest part wider than base (1-5 : i), basal margin excavate, median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, straight or slightly concave to below level of antennae thence incurved to suture, slightly foliate laterad distally, disk of frons not depressed, clypeus about as long as frons in middle line, medially and laterally carinate, rostrum just attaining posterior trochanters, antennae subovate, not sunk in a depression, ocelli not touching eyes, eyes almost completely overlapping pronotum. Pronotum short, anterior margin of disk truncate, posterior margin broadly concave, median carina present, lateral carinae of disk concave, each about 1-6 times as long as median carina, attaining posterior margin, pronotum laterad of disk distinctly inclined anteroventrally, ventral margin of lateral lobes angulate and oblique; mesonotum more than twice as long as vertex and pronotum combined, distinctly tricarinate, carinae parallel ; post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina moderately long (length-breadth 3-3:1), anterior margin slightly convex, 7 8 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE commissural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 158 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork about level with GUI fork or slightly basad, both about level with union of claval veins, M forked level with node or nearly so, nine apical areoles distad of stigma ; clavus terminating at middle. Catonoides fusca Metcalf (Fie. 49) 1938. Catonoides fusca Metcalf, loc. cit. 1377. FIG. 49. Catonoides fusca Metcalf. a, vertex and pronotum ; b, frons and clypeus, anterodorsal view ; c, tegmen. The writer is indebted to Dr. J. C. Bequaert of the Museum of Comparative Zoology for the accompanying figures of the type. PARACATONIA gen. n. Head with eyes slightly narrower than pronotum, slightly declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (1-8:1), produced before eyes for slightly more than a third of their length, disk markedly depressed, medially carinate throughout, anterior margin carinate, forming an angle of 150 at apex, lateral margins straight, foliately carinate, diverging basad, posterior margin shallowly excavate; frons moderately convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (1-2:1), widest part wider than base (1-6:1), median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, convex, slightly foliate obliquely; clypeus three-quarters as long as frons, medially and laterally carinate; rostrum reaching post-trochanters, apical segment longer than subapical, antennae subovate, not sunk in a depression ; ocelli very narrowly sepa- rated from eyes, eyes unpigmented above antennae, considerably overlapping pro- notum. Pronotum short, anterior margin of disk truncate, posterior margin concave through about 100, median carina present, lateral carinae of disk straight or slightly concave, attaining hind margin, each more than four times as long as median carina, pronotum laterad of disk inclined anteroventrally, with indications of areolets near posterior margin, two carinae on each side between eye and tegula, ventral margins of lateral lobes transverse or very slightly oblique, mesonotum about twice as long as vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, the carinae parallel ; pro-tibiae as long as pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina slightly more than three times as long as broad, Sc+R forking two-fifths from base, level with GUI fork and union of claval veins, M forked at nodal line, eight HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 79 apical areoles distad of stigma, those of M two-thirds as long as the corresponding subapical cells ; clavus terminating distad of middle. Wings with R simple, M two- branched, GUI three-branched. Anal segment of male very short. Pygofer with medioventral process longer than broad, bifid. Anal segment of female short. Posterior margin of seventh sternite of female transverse, shallowly concave at middle. Ovipositor with first valvulae armed dorsally with four small teeth and two apical spines, third valvulae subrhomboidal. Type species, Paracatonia securifalcata sp. n. Paracatonia securifalcata sp. n. (Fie. 50) Male : length, 2-4 mm. ; tegmen, 2-8 mm. Female : length, 2-6 mm. ; tegmen, 3-0 mm. Fuscous ; frons with eight spots inside each lateral margin, a few small spots on each side of middle line and a large pair in distal quarter, pallid, a spot at each side basally on clypeus, vertex, and pronotum, except in depression, mesonotum with carinae, three pairs of spots and basally a pair of curved lines on disk, and two large spots on each lateral field, pallid. Tegmina mostly pale, veins pale, three small dark spots in costal area, a dark spot between Cuia and Cuib at level of apex of clavus, a row of dark spots between posterior claval vein and commissural margin fuscous ; remainder of corium sparsely marked pale fuscous, membrane smoky-brown except on veins and a pale arcuate band across apical areoles. Wings infuscate. Anal segment of male short, anal foramen occupying most of dorsal surface, lateral margins in profile with a small distinct lobe near base. Genital styles in profile narrow basally, expanding distally into a rhomboidal lobe, eminence on dorsal margin distad of middle, followed proximally by a deep excavation, a short pointed process arising on inner face basally, directed mesally and posteriorly. Medioventral process of pygofer elongate, bifid, each limb directed laterally at apex. Phallobase with a pair of lobes, in dorsal view narrowed and finger-like in apical quarter ; ventrally a pair of spinose processes on each side, the basal processes arising one-quarter from base, directed laterally, the distal pair longer, arising two-thirds from base, curved outward and anteriorly. Aedeagal appendages strap-like, of equal length, abruptly narrowed in profile at about apical quarter, and bearing an oblique spine at the apex. Anal segment of female short, deeply notched at middle of apical margin. Sub- vaginal plate with lateral sclerites rod-like, slightly converging dorsad, not meeting transverse sclerotization of ventral margin. Ventral lobes of first valvulae triangular, with inner margin straight, outer oblique, devoid of accessory lobes at base. First valvulae with four small teeth dorsally, the distad longest, and two larger curved apical teeth. Third valvulae in profile trapezoidal with apical margin produced into two lobes of unequal size, the dorsal larger. Bursa copulatrix with a large diverti- culum, somewhat constricted near its mouth, ornamented with minute sclerotized 8o A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE rings over entire surface : at entrance a large, stout, crescentic sclerotized bar, pointed at one end with a stout tooth projecting at middle of inner margin. Distad of this sclerite a larger, approximately hatchet-shaped sclerite with the limb pointed at each end and a short tooth at one angle of the quadrate plate. FIG. 50. Paracatonia securifalcata, gen. et sp. n. a, vertex, pronotum and mespnotum ; b, Irons and clypeus ; c, tegmen ; d, left genital style ; e, medioventral process of pygofer ; /, aedeagus ; g, apical portion of phallic appendages ; h, first valvulae of ovipositor, lateral view ; i, ventral lobe of first valvula ; j, second valvula ; k, third valvula ; /, sclerites bordering subvaginal plate ; m, sclerites at entrance to bursa copulatrix; n, (i), (2), (3) distal, mesal, and proximal portions of spermatheca. Egg ovoid, approximately twice as long as broad, micropylar pole rather flattened, micropyle surrounded by a palisade of contiguous finger-like lobes. Described from 16 males and n females taken by the writer at 1,000 ft. in mountain forest near Saltoun, Dominica, B.W.I. (5-11 June 1940). A single female taken at Dudmar, Grenada (20 October 1943) agrees well with the Dominican species and is regarded as conspecific. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 81 AMBLYCRATUS Uhler 1895. Amblycratus Uhler, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond.-.b^. Haplotype, A mblycratus pallidus Uhler. 1895. Cionoderus Uhler, loc. cit. :66. Haplotype, Cionoderus lineatus Uhler. Vertex broader across base than long in middle (about 2 : i), lateral margins straight, slightly converging anteriorly, anterior margin produced in an obtuse angle, approxi- mately parallel to posterior margin, posterior margin shallowly excavate; disk slightly depressed, weakly carinate medially ; frons in profile slightly curved, medially carinate, carina percurrent on clypeus, lateral margins almost straight and slightly diverging to below level of antennae, thence shallowly incurved to suture ; clypeus marginally carinate ; rostrum of male attaining hind trochanters, with its basal seg- ment in lateral view twice as long as broad at apex. Pronotum short, disk broad, anteriorly transverse, posteriorly broadly emarginate, median and lateral carinae of disk distinct, latter twice as long as former, lateral areas behind eyes smooth; mesonotum tricarinate, lateral carinae almost parallel, slightly converging distally. Hind tibiae with a single minute spine at basad third. Tegmina three times as long as broad, anterior margin almost straight, apical margin broadly rounded, commis- sural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 158 at apex of clavus: Sc+R+M stalk as long as basal cell, Sc+R forked one-third from base, Sc forked at level of node, its distal branch simple to apex, R with two branches at margin, M forked at nodal line, with three branches at margin, GUI forked at level of Sc+R fork, Cuia and Cuib simple to margin ; six subapical and eight apical cells. Wings with Sc simple, R with two branches at margin, length of cell Ri less than length of its stalk distad of R-M cross vein, M two-branched, Cuia branched basad of level of M fork, Cuib simple. Anal segment of male in dorsal view broadly ovate, bilaterally symmetrical, anal foramen situated in basal half. Pygofer with lateral margins slightly sinuate, medio- ventral lobe slightly wider across base than long, distally rounded. Genital styles in profile subfusiform with an eminence on dorsal margin, basad of middle, bearing two broad pointed lobes directed anteriorly ; a curved spine arising on inner face of style near base. Anal segment of female broader than long (about 1-3:1), anal foramen large, anal style spatulate. Sub vaginal plate more than twice as broad as long, sclerotized and pigmented over whole of surface, minutely shagreen in marginal areas. Ventral lobes of first valvulae relatively elongate, broadly elevated in a dome along axial line, first valvulae with six teeth on dorsal margin, third valvulae subquadrate, almost as broad as long. Bursa copulatrix ornamented with a pattern of very delicate and thin-walled rings, a strongly sclerotized and pigmented three-spined process, crescentic in outline, in wall near junction with vagina. Amblycratus pallidus Uhler (Fie. 51) 1895. Amblycratus pallidus Uhler, loc. cit. 165. 1895. Cionoderus lineatus Uhler, loc. cit. : 66. Medioventral process of pygofer almost semicircular. Genital styles in lateral view subovate with a bicuspidate lobe dorsally at basal quarter and a curved spine on ENTOM. I, I. L 82 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE inner face near base. Aedeagus comprising dorsally a pair of submembranous sinuate lobes directed dorsally and posteriorly, and a pair of horizontal elongate-ovate laminae, laterally a pair of flattened lobes tapering gradually to a blunt apex, which is decurved, ventraUy a keel bearing a straight spine directed ventro-posteriorly ; n FIG. 51. Amblycratus pallidus Uhler. a, frons and clypeus; b, vertex and pronotum; c, head in profile; d, tegmen; e, apex of wing; /, anal segment and aedeagus, lateral view ; g, right genital style ; h, medioventral process of pygofer ; i, subvaginal plate ; j, first valvula of ovipositor, lateral view ; k, ventral lobe of first valvula ; /, third valvula, lateral view ; m, anal segment of male ; n, portion of surface of bursa copulatrix ; o, sclerite at entrance to bursa copulatrix. appendages of phallus shagreened distally ; the limbs suspending the aedeagus are pincer-like near the point of attachment. Subvaginal plate trapezoidal, slightly shagreened at sides. In addition to the holotypes of A . pallidus Uhler and Cionoderus lineatus Uhler and paratypes in the U.S. National Museum, the writer has examined a series of 3 males and 3 females taken by him in forest on Morne Garu and on a ridge at the head of the Cumberland Valley, St. Vincent, B.W.I. (25 August, 8 September 1941). HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 83 AGANDECCA White 1879. Agandecca White, Ent. mon. Mag. 15 : 217. Haplotype, A . annectens White. Head with eyes a little narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous except along middle line, broader across base than long in middle (about 3:1), produced before eyes for about half their length, median carina distinct, disk inclined downward on each side of median carina, anterior margin carinate forming an angle of 130 at apex, lateral margins straight or convex, slightly diverging basad, posterior margin broadly excavate ; frons shallowly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (1-5 : i), widest part wider than base (1-2:1), basal margin truncate with a transverse narrowly triangular callus between middle line and lateral margins, median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, straight to below level of antennae, thence incurved to suture, not at all foliate, disk not depressed ; clypeus rather more than half length of frons, medially and laterally carinate ; antennae subovate, not sunk in a depression, ocelli remote from eyes, eyes not excavate beneath, moderately overlapping pro- notum. Pronotum moderately short, laterally short, anterior margin of disk truncate, posterior margin concave, median carina present, lateral carinae of disk concave, not attaining hind margin, each two-and-a-half times as long as median carina, pronotum laterad of disk distinctly inclined anteroventrally, ventral margin of lateral lobes transverse or slightly oblique ; mesonotum twice as long as vertex and pronotum combined, distinctly tricarinate, carinae more or less parallel ; post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina moderately long, costal margin somewhat convex, Sc-f R fork about level with Cui fork, both slightly distad of union of claval veins, M forked level with stigma, nine apical areoles distad of stigma ; clavus terminating at middle of tegmen. Wings with R two-branched near apex, M two-branched, Cui three-branched. Agandecca annectens White (Fie. 52) 1879. Agandecca annectens White, loc. cit. :2i8. The figures are of the holotype. The genus is known only from New Zealand and at present includes only this species. APHYPIA Melichar 1908. Aphypia Melichar, Acta Soc. ent. Bohem. 5:6. Haplotype, Aphypia longipennis Melichar. Head with eyes narrower than pronotum. Vertex scarcely declivous except along middle line, broader across base than long in middle (2:1), produced before eyes for about a third of their length, median carina distinct, disk inclined downward laterad on each side of median carina, anterior margin carinate forming an angle of 110 at apex, lateral margins straight, diverging basad, posterior margin broadly excavate, frons moderately convex in profile basally, almost straight distally, longer in middle line than broad (1-4:1), widest part wider than base (1-2:1), basal margin truncate or slightly excavate, with a transverse triangular callus of moderate width between 84 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE middle line and lateral margins, median carina distinct, raised on a broad median ridge, percurrent, lateral margins carinate, straight to below level of antennae, thence only slightly incurved, foliate laterad in distal half, disk of frons and clypeus longitudinally depressed on each side of middle line; clypeus fully three-quarters FIG. 52. Agandecca annectens White. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen. FIG. 53. Aphypia longipennis Melichar. a, frons and clypeus; b, vertex and pronotum; c, head in profile; d, tegmen. length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, antennae subovate, not sunk in a depression, ocelli not quite touching eyes, eyes distinctly excavate beneath, not much overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately short, laterally rather long, anterior margin of disk truncate, posterior margin subangulately concave, median carina present, lateral carinae of disk straight or slightly convex, distinctly attaining hind margin, each three times as long as median carina, pronotum laterad of disk dis- tinctly inclined anteroventrally, a carina on each side between eye and tegula, HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 85 ventral margin of lateral lobes angulate and oblique ; mesonotum fully twice as long as vertex and pronotum combined, distinctly tricarinate, carinae more or less parallel ; tegulae not carinate ; post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina relatively long (3-2:1), costal margin slightly convex, Sc+R fork about level with Cui fork, both near level of union of claval veins, M forked level with apex of clavus, nine apical areoles distad of stigma; clavus terminating at middle of tegmen. Aphypia longipennis Melichar (FiG. 53) 1908. Aphypia longipennis Melichar, loc. cit. :6. The figures are of a specimen in the British Museum. The genus differs from Agandecca, which it resembles, in the proportions of vertex and frons, in the length of the pronotum, the structure of its disk, and the shape of the ventral margin of its lateral lobes. The genus is confined to Africa and is mono- typic. PROSAGANDECCA gen. n. Head with eyes slightly narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous, broader across base than long in middle (2:1), produced before eyes for a third of their length, median carina present only basally, disk depressed, anterior margin carinate forming an angle of 145 at apex, lateral margins carinate, straight, scarcely diverging basad, posterior margin broadly excavate; frons moderately convex in profile, longer in middle than broad (1-3 : i), widest part wider than base (1-4 : i), basal margin truncate, devoid of callus, median carina distinct, percurrent, lateral margins carinate, convex, moderately incurved below level of antennae, slightly foliate laterad distally, disk of frons not depressed; clypeus about three-quarters length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, rostrum with subapical segment shorter than apical, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli narrowly separated from eyes, eyes distinctly excavate beneath, moderately overlapping pronotum. Pronotum short, anterior margin of disk truncate, posterior margin deeply concave, median carina present, lateral carinae of disk straight, attaining hind margin, each four times as long as median carina, pronotum laterad of disk strongly inclined anteroventrally, ventral margin of lateral lobes angulate and oblique ; mesonotum fully twice as long as vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate ; post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina three times as long as broad, costal margin very slightly convex, Sc+R fork about level with Cui fork, both distad of union of claval veins, M forked level with node, eight apical areoles distad of stigma; clavus terminating at middle of tegmen. Anal segment of male short, tapering convexly to apex. Medioventral process of py gofer quadrate. Type species, Prosagandecca straminea sp. n. 86 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE Prosagandecca straminea sp. n. (Fie. 54) Male: length, 2-5 mm. ; legmen, 4-0 mm. Testaceous; pronotum, carinae of mesonotum, legs and abdomen stramineous. Tegmina translucent, stramineous. Wings hyaline, veins testaceous. FIG. 54. Prosagandecca straminea, gen. et sp. n. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen ; e, anal segment of male ; /, right genital style ; g, medioventral process of pygofer ; h, aedeagus ; i, apical portion of phallic appendages. Genital styles convex on ventral margin, sinuate dorsally, produced dorsally in a pointed process apically. Aedeagus with phallobase comprising a pair of dentate lobes dorsally, a pair of lateral lobes tapering distally with dorsal margin straight and ventral margin convex, ventrally a pair of moderately broad lobes tapering distally, markedly shagreened. Described from one male taken at Njala, Sierra Leone, by E. Hargreaves (8 De- cember 1930). The genus is distinguished from Agandecca and Aphypia by the shape of the vertex, pronotum, and frons and by the absence of a basal transverse callus on the frons. PARAGANDECCA gen. n. Head with eyes a little narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous, broader across base than long in middle (1-9:1), produced before eyes for a quarter of their length, median carina absent, disk slightly depressed, anterior margin carinate forming an angle of 130 at apex, lateral margins carinate, straight, scarcely diverging basad, posterior margin almost transverse with a slight medial notch ; frons shallowly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (1-4:1), widest part wider than base (1-6:1), basal margin shallowly angularly excavate, median carina distinct, percurrent, a series of three obsolete transverse ridges, interrupted by median carina on disk, in basal quarter, lateral margins carinate, straight or shallowly concave, diverging to below level of antennae thence incurved, slightly foliate laterad in distal HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 87 part, disk of frons not depressed ; clypeus about half as long as frons, medially and laterally carinate, rostrum with subapical segment shorter than apical, antennae small, subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli narrowly separated from eyes, eyes slightly excavate beneath, moderately overlapping pronotum. Pronotum distinctly short, anterior margin of disk truncate, posterior margin shallowly concave, median carina present, an impression on disk on each side of middle line, lateral carinae of disk straight or shallowly concave, diverging basad, attaining hind margin, each twice as long as median carina, pronotum laterad of disk strongly inclined anteroventrally, ventral margin of lateral lobes transverse ; meso- notum longer than vertex and pronotum together, tricarinate, anterior part of disk convex, basal part markedly depressed, tegulae not carinate, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina nearly three times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, Sc+R fork level with GUI fork, both slightly distad of union of claval veins, M forked level with node, eight apical areoles distad of stigma ; clavus terminating slightly basad of middle of tegmen. Wings with R simple to apex, M two-branched, GUI three- branched. Posterior margin of seventh sternite of female sinuate, slightly emarginate medially. Ventral lobes of first valvulae subtriangular, tapering distally. Bursa copulatrix armed with a trispinose sclerite at entrance. Type species, Paragandecca longibursata sp. n. Paragandecca longibursata sp. n. (Fie. 55) Female: length, 3-1 mm. ; tegmen, 3-9 mm. Fuscous-piceous ; carinae of vertex, a V-shaped mark in middle of frons and six short transverse bands at each margin, a transverse band on clypeus, carinae of pronotum and of anterior half of mesonotum, together with a transverse band join- ing their bases, posterolateral margins, lower side of thorax, apex of pro-femora, meso-femora, and post-tarsi, testaceous-stramineous. Tegmina fuscous-piceous, with a callus at node, C and Sc+R reddish-brown, apical margin tinged with red ; most of costal cell and a large spot basad of node, a few cross veins in corium and apical line of veins in membrane ivory, veins otherwise testaceous. Wings smoky, margin tinged with red. First valvulae of ovipositor bearing four long oblique spines, the apical pair slightly exceeding the others. Third valvulae with apical margin oblique. Bursa copulatrix three times as long as broad with a single sclerite at entrance, this sclerite crescentic with a long spine at middle. Described from one female collected at Camp 2 (2,000 ft.), Sabron, Cyclops Mountains, Dutch New Guinea, by L. E. Cheesman (July 1936). Brit. Mus. 1936-271. Type in Brit. Mus. (N.H.). Paragandecca differs from Agandecca and Aphypia in the absence of a basal trans- verse callus on the frons, and in the shape and proportions of the frons, vertex, and pronotum. It is separated from Prosagandecca by the shape of the frons, the differently 88 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE shaped pronotal disk, by the transverse ventral margins of the lateral pronotal lobes, and by the relative size of the antennae. The genus contains at present only the above species. FIG. 55. Paragandecca longibursata, gen. et sp. n. a, irons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen ; e, apex of wing ; /, posterior margin pregenital sternite, ventral lobe of right first valvula, ventral portion of eighth segment, right side ; g, third valvula ; h, spines of first valvula ; i, sclerite at entrance to bursa copulatrix. CHRONEBA Stal 1859. Chroneba Stal, Berl. ent. Z. 8:320. Haplotype, Chroneba pallifrons Stal. Head with eyes much narrower than pronotum. Vertex in profile convex, not declivous, shorter across base than long in middle line (1:4), produced before eyes for two-thirds of their length, median carina foliate, percurrent, disk hollowed out on each side of middle, anterior margin angulate, not carinate, vertex rounding into frons, lateral margins straight, parallel, foliately raised, posterior margin deeply excavate; frons straight in profile, longer in middle line than broad (2-2:1), widest part wider than base (4:1), basal margin not distinct, median carina prominent, per- current, lateral margins prominently carinate, foliate laterad, sinuately expanding to below level of antennae, thence incurved to suture; clypeus about three-quarters length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, antennae subovate, not sunk in a depression, ocelli remote from eyes, eyes excavate beneath, moderately overlapping pronotum. Pronotum very short, laterally longer than in middle, disk relatively very small, anterior margin strongly convex, produced to fit into emargination of vertex, posterior margin angularly excavate, median carina present, lateral carinae of disk sinuate, attaining hind margin, each twice as long as median carina, pronotum laterad of disk moderately inclined anteroventrally, a pair of carinae on each side between eye and tegula, ventral margin of lateral lobes angulate and oblique, mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum together, tricarinate ; pro-tibiae as long as pro- femora with trochanters ; post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina relatively long, 3-2 times longer than wide, costal margin slightly convex, HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 89 sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 155 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork distad of GUI fork, level with apex of clavus, M fork level with node, nine apical areoles distad of stigma ; clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. Wings with R simple, M two-branched, GUI three-branched. Chroneba pallifrons Stal (FiG. 56) 1859.. Chroneba pallifrons Stal, loc. cit. 1320. FIG. 56. Chroneba pallifrons Stal. a, vertex and pronotum ; b, head in profile ; c, tegmen. Figures are given of a specimen in the British Museum.The degree of stenogenesis of the head in Chroneba is unparalleled in the family, though it is possible to see in Pamkosalya Distant a transitional phase from the normal condition as exemplified by Akotropis Matsumura. The genus is known only from Ceylon. TANGINA Melichar 1903. Tangina Melichar, Horn. Fauna Ceylon: 44. Haplotype, Tangina bipunctata Melichar. Head with eyes slightly narrower than pronotum. Vertex broader than long in middle line (about 1-5:1), not declivous, scarcely produced before eyes, median carina distinct, anterior margin carinate, convex, lateral margins straight, sub- parallel or scarcely diverging basally, carinate, posterior margin broadly excavate, frons shallowly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (1-5 : i), widest part wider than base (1-5 : i), median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, straight except when near suture, disk not depressed ; clypeus more than three-quarters length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depres- sion, eyes moderately overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately short, scarcely as long as vertex in middle line, anterior margin of disk shallowly convex, posterior margin concave, median carina present, lateral carinae of disk concave, attaining posterior margin near side, each fully twice as long as median carina, pronotum laterad of disk not inclined anteroventrally ; mesonotum scarcely twice as long as vertex and pronotum combined, distinctly tricarinate, lateral carinae slightly diverging basad ; post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. ENTOM. i, i. M 90 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE Tegmina moderately long, three times longer than wide, anterior margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 150, Sc+R fork obscure, about level with Cui fork, latter level with union in clavus, M forked at level of node apparently eight apical areoles distad of stigma; clavus terminating at or slightly distad of middle of tegmen. Wings with R simple to apex, M two-branched, Cui three-branched. Tangina bipunctata Melichar (Fie. 57) 1903. Tangina bipunctata Melichar, loc. cit. -.44, pi. 2, figs. 19, a, b, c. FIG. 57. Tangina bipunctata Melichar. a, irons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, tegmen with Sc added in broken b'ne according to Melichar's correction ; d, wing. The figures are after Melichar. A species before the writer has laterobasal facets on frons, a rostrum only reaching mesotrochanters, and concave lateral discal pronotal carinae reaching hind margin sublaterally ; Cui in tegmen forks level with union of claval veins. This species runs to Nephelia but differs in shape of frons. CLUSIVIUS Distant 1917. Clusivius Distant, Trans. Linn. Soc. Land. (Zool.) 17:277. Haplotype, Clusivius specta- bilis Distant. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous, slightly broader across the base than long in middle line (1-1:1), produced before eyes for a third of their length, median carina prominent, percurrent, disk slightly hollowed out on each side of middle, anterior margin angulate, not carinate, vertex rounding into frons, lateral margins concave, carinate and slightly raised, slightly diverging basad, posterior margin shallowly angularly excavate; frons convex in profile, scarcely longer in middle line than broad, widest part wider than base (1-5:1), basal margin not distinct, apparent margin angulately convex, median carina prominent, per- current, lateral margins carinate, slightly foliate laterad, distinctly convex, expand- ing to level of antennae, thence incurved to suture ; clypeus exceeding three-quarters length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, rostrum with subapical segment shorter than apical, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli remote from eyes, eyes not excavate beneath, scarcely overlapping pronotum. Pronotum HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 91 moderately convex, posterior margin correspondingly concave, median carina distinct, lateral carinae of disk obsolete, pronotum laterad of disk not inclined anteroventrally, ventral margin of lateral lobes angulate and oblique ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum together, tricarinate, lateral carinae straight, diverging basad, pro-tibiae longer than pro-femora, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina 2-8 times longer than wide, costal margin slightly convex, posterior margin forming a re-entrant angle of 160 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork about level with Cui fork, both basad of apex of clavus and distad of union of claval veins, M fork just basad of node, seven apical areoles distad of stigma; clavus terminating basad of middle of tegmen. Wings with R simple, M two-branched, GUI three- branched. Clusivius spectabilis Distant (Fie. 58) 1917. Clusivius spectabilis Distant, loc. cit. 1277, pi. 49, fig. 15. FIG. 58. Clusivius spectabilis Distant. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen. The figures are of the holotype. Clusivius, known only from the Seychelles, is dis- tinguished by the shape of the vertex, frons, pronotum, and by the tegminal venation and the relatively short clavus. In the type species the tegulae are carinate and rela- tively large. PARAKOSALYA Distant 1917. Parakosalya Distant, Trans. Linn. Soc. Land. (Zool.) 17:287. Orthotype, Parakosalya insularis Distant. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex longer in middle line than broad (i-i : i), not declivous, produced before eyes for half their length, median carina prominent, disk hollowed out on each side of middle, apparent anterior margin angulate, not carinate, vertex rounding into frons, lateral margins straight, promi- nent, diverging basad, posterior margin obtusely angulately excavate ; frons slightly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (1*6:1), widest part wider than 92 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE base (2-3:1), apparent basal margin sinuate, subangulate medially, median carina prominent, subfoliate, percurrent, lateral margins carinate, slightly foliate laterad, sinuately expanding to below level of antennae, thence incurved to suture, suture strongly impressed ; clypeus three-quarters of length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, convex except at base, rostrum with subapical segment shorter than apical, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli remote from eyes, eyes not excavate beneath, moderately overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately short, distinctly short laterad of disk, disk relatively large, anterior margin truncate, posterior margin angulately excavate (about 115), median carina prominent, an impression on disk on each side of it, lateral carinae of disk straight, diverging basad, attaining hind margin, each twice as long as median carina, pronotum laterad of disk markedly inclined anteroventrally, no carina between eye and tegula, ventral margin of lateral lobes slightly oblique; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum together, tricarinate ; pro-tibiae subequal to pro-femora, post-tibiae with a single spine just basad of middle. Tegmina about 2-7 times as long as wide, costal margin slightly convex, M forked near level of node, nine apical areoles distad of stigma ; clavus terminating slightly basad of middle of tegmen. Wings with R simple, M two-branched, Cuia three- branched. Parakosalya insularis Distant (FiG. 59) 1917. Parakosalya insularis Distant, loc. cit. :287. FIG. 59. Parakosalya insularis Distant. a, frons and clypeus; b, vertex and pronotum; c, head in profile; d, tegmen; e, apex of wing. The figures are of Distant's holotype. The genus is known only from the Seychelles. CNIDUS 1866. Cnidus Stal, Hemipt. Africana 4:185. Haplotype, Cixius variegatus Stal. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex slightly declivous, as long in middle line as broad across base, produced before eyes for half their length, HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 93 median carina present, prominent near base, disk hollowed, anterior margin carinate, rounded, a large but not distinct triangular areolet at each latero-apical angle of head almost in same plane as gena, lateral margins carinate, foliate, convex, rather closely approximated distally, diverging basad, posterior margin truncate; frons slightly convex in profile, a little longer in middle line than broad (i-i : i), widest part three times width at base, basal margin convex-truncate, median carina prominent near base, percurrent, lateral margins carinate, distinctly foliate laterad, convex, diverg- ing to below level of antennae, thence incurved to suture; clypeus fully three- quarters of length of frons in middle line, medially and laterally carinate, rostrum with subapical segment equal to apical, antennae with second segment subglobose, sunk in a depression, ocelli touching eyes, eyes ovate, excavate beneath, only slightly overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately short, distinctly shorter behind eyes than in middle line, anterior margin of disk truncate, posterior margin angulately excavate (120), median carina distinct, lateral carinae of disk slightly convex, each 1-3 times length of median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk not inclined anteroventrally, with three shallow depressions on each side, two distinct carinae at each lateral margin between eye and tegula, ventral margin of lateral pronotal lobes slightly oblique ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate ; tegulae not carinate ; pro-tibiae shorter than pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina slightly more than three times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 155 at apex of clavus, Sc-f-R fork level with GUI fork, both slightly distad of union of claval veins, M forked a little basad of level of node, eight or nine areoles around apical margin distad of stigmal cell ; clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. Cnidus variegatus Stal (Fie. 60) 1855. Cixius variegatus Stal, dfvers. Vetensk. Akad. Fork. Stockh. 12: 92. FIG. 60. Cnidus variegatus Stal. a, vertex, pronotum, and mesonotum; b, frons and clypeus; c, head in profile; d, tegmen. 94 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE Posterior margin of seventh sternite of female slightly convex in middle. The figures are of the holotype. One tegmen is damaged and the other crumpled so that the apical venation of Cui was not seen, but the basal venation suggests that it is of the normal type. Cnidus differs from Magadha and Catonia in the forking of Mi +2 and in the angle of inclination of the latero-apical facets on the vertex. PARACLUSIVIUS gen. n. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex slightly declivous, as long as broad or slightly longer, produced before eyes for half their length, strongly medially carinate, anteriorly devoid of a transverse carina, curving into frons, apex of head in dorsal view angulately convex (about 130), lateral margins straight, diverging basad, posterior margin shallowly concave; frons shallowly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (about 1-4:1), widest part wider than base (1-9:1), median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, foliate laterad; clypeus fully three-quarters as long as frons, medially and laterally carinate, disk, frons, and clypeus slightly concave on each side of middle line, rostrum with subapical segment longer than apical (about 1-2:1), antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli not touching eyes, eyes not extensively overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately long, anterior margin of disk convex-truncate, posterior margin angu- lately excavate (120), median carina present, lateral carinae of disk straight, each 1-4 times as long as median carina, pronotum laterad of disk slightly inclined antero- ventrally, two carinae at each lateral margin between eye and tegula, ventral margins of lateral lobes angulate and oblique ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate ; pro-tibiae about as long as pro-femora and trochanters, post- tibiae with a single spine at middle. Tegmina three times as long as broad, Sc+R forked about one-third from base, level with Cui fork and union of claval veins, Mi +2 forking slightly distad of level of apex of clavus, about eight apical areoles in Sc and R distad of stigma, five in M and Cu, clavus terminating at or distad of middle of tegmina. Type species, Paraclusivius tristis sp. n. Paraclusivius tristis sp. n. (FiG. 61) Female: length, 4-0 mm. ; tegmen, 5-4 mm. Fuscous-piceous ; carinae of frons, sides of head above eye, lateral margin of pronotum and lateral pronotal carinae, dorsal half of tegulae and hind legs testaceous ; a line on genae subparallel to front of eye piceous. Tegmina with corium fuscous- piceous, membrane fuscous, veins concolorous ; wings fuscous, veins concolorous. Posterior margin of seventh abdominal sternite of female shallowly convex through an angle of 150. Subvaginal plate about seven times as broad as deep, longer on ventral than on dorsal margin. First valvulae of ovipositor with ventral lobes short, broader than long ; third valvulae subquadrate with an eminence on dorsal margin. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 95 Bursa copulatrix beset with feebly-sclerotized rings, and furnished near entrance with a crescentic sclerite bearing a spine at middle. FIG. 61. Paraclusivius tristis, gen. et sp. n. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen ; e, posterior margin of pregenital sternite of female ; /, subvaginal plate ; g, third valvula of ovipositor, lateral view ; h, sclerite near entrance to bursa copulatrix. Described from two females in British Museum, one taken at Njala, Sierra Leone (E. Hargreaves, 14 October 1932) and the other in the Gold Coast (A. E. Evans, 1913). Paraclusivius differs from Akotropis in having the subapical segment of the rostrum longer than the apical and in having two carinae at the lateral margins of the pro- notum and no carina between vertex and frons, as well as in its larger size. AKOTROPIS Matsumura 1914. Akotropis Matsumura, Ann. hist.-nat. Mus. hung. 12:270. Logotype, Akotropis fumata Matsumura. 1941. Ballonymus Jacobi, Zoo/. Jb. (Syst.) 74:295. Orthotype, Ballonymus anticus Jacobi, loc. cit. : 296. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex broader across base than long in middle line (1-1:1), not or scarcely declivous, produced before eyes for rather less than half their length, median carina prominent, elevated, anterior margin angulate, not carinate, subangulately rounding into frons, lateral margins carinate, straight, or slightly concave, diverging basad, posterior margin angulately excavate (about 140) ; frons slightly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (1-5 : i), widest part wider than base (1-4:1), basal margin not distinct, median carina prominent, percurrent, lateral margins carinate, slightly foliate laterad distally, expanding to below level of antennae, thence incurved to suture ; clypeus about two- thirds length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, antennae subovate, about as long as eyes are wide, not sunk in a depression, genae broad, ocelli remote from eyes, 96 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE eyes not excavate beneath, only slightly overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately short, not quite as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk trun- cate-convex, posterior margin angulately excavate (130) , median carina present, lateral carinae of disk straight or slightly convex, diverging basad, attaining hind margin, each about 1-6 times as long as median carina, pronotum laterad of disk only moderately inclined anteroventrally, ventral margins of lateral lobes angulate and oblique; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum together, tricarinate; pro- tibiae slightly exceeding pro-femora and trochanters, or subequal ; post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina 2-6 times as long as wide, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of about 155 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork and GUI fork at same level, both slightly distad of union of claval veins, M fork just basad of level of node, eight apical areoles distad of stigma: clavus terminating basad of middle of tegmen. Wings with R simple, M two-branched, Cui three-branched. Akotropis fumata Matsumura (Fio. 62) 1914. Akotropis fumata Matsumura, loc. cit. 1270, fig. 4. FIG. 62. Akotropis fumata Matsumura. a, vertex and pronotum ; b, head in profile ; c, tegmen. The figures are of a specimen in the British Museum. Akotropis differs from Parako- salya and Clusivius in the shape of the vertex and pronotum. It appears to be nearest to the former, but, apart from the above character, is separated from it by the absence HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 97 of a deeply impressed frontoclypeal suture and a distinctly less tumid clypeus. The genus, as so far known, is Oriental. KOLOPTERA Metcalf 1938. Koloptera Metcalf, Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 82:371. Orthotype, Koloptera callosa Metcalf. Head with eyes narrower than pronotum. Vertex longer in middle line than broad across base (1-5:1), not declivous, produced before eyes for nine-tenths of their length, median carina distinct, anterior margin rounded, carinate, lateral margins straight or slightly sinuate, diverging basad, posterior margin angulately excavate (110) ; frons more or less straight in profile, longer in middle line than broad (1-6: i), widest part wider than base (2-2:1), basal margin convex, median carina distinct, percurrent, lateral margins carinate, sinuate to level of antennae then foliately ex- panded laterad and incurved to suture ; clypeus about three-fifths of length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, antennae subglobose, slightly concealed below eyes, ocelli just touching eyes, eyes excavate beneath, not overlapping pronotum, a hori- zontal carina on genae between eyes and anterior margin. Pronotum moderately short, almost as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin convex, posterior margin correspondingly concave, median carina present, lateral carinae of disk straight, diverging basad, attaining hind margin, each slightly longer than median carina (i-i : i), pronotum laterad of disk not inclined anteriorly, three supernumerary carinae on each side, lateral margins bicarinate, ventral margin of lateral lobes oblique; mesonotum only slightly longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, but median carina obsolete on basal third ; pro-tibiae as long as pro-femora with trochanters ; post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina about three times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 158 at apex of clavus, Sc-j-R fork distinctly basad of GUI fork, about level with union of claval veins, Cui fork basad of apex of clavus, Cuib distinctly convex distad of apex of clavus, M fork level with node, R, M, and Cuia converging to nodal line, a fold extending inward-from node across stigmal cell, with a small callus in basal portion and a large callus in distal portion of cell, first apical areole distad of this also with a callus, six apical areoles following this cell ; clavus terminating markedly distad of middle. Koloptera longiceps (Fowler) comb. n. (Fie. 63) 1904. Helicoptera longiceps Fowler, Biol. cent.-Amer. Rhynch. Horn. 1: 107, pi. u, figs. 17, a, b. 1938. Koloptera, callosa Metcalf, Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 82:372. The writer has seen both types and is unable to separate them. Specimens differing in no appreciable particular from the Central American series have been taken by the writer in Trinidad, B.W.I. The species callosa was erected in the belief (fide pi. n, fig. 17, of the Biologia) that Fowler's species did not possess the transverse nodal fold: this fold, however, is present in all the Biologia material of longiceps in the British Museum. The figures given above are of Fowler's type. ENTOM. i, i. N 9 8 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE d FIG. 63. Koloptera longiceps (Fowler). a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, tegmen ; d, wing. CALLICHLAMYS Kirkaldy 1907. Callichlamys Kirkaldy, Bull. Hawaii. Sug. Ass. ent. Ser. 3:n6, 120. Logotype, Callichlamys muiri Kirkaldy. Head with eyes rather narrower than pronotum. Vertex horizontal, longer in middle line than broad across base (2-3:1), produced before eyes for at least their length, median carina distinct, disk slightly hollowed out on each side, anterior margin carinate and slightly calloused, almost semi-circularly rounded, lateral margins carinate, slightly convex, diverging posteriorly as far as anterior margin of eyes then parallel, posterior margin transverse with a slight median notch; frons straight in profile, longer in middle line than broad (1-8:1), widest part wider than base (3:1), basal margin convex, median carina distinct, calloused at base, percurrent, lateral margins carinate sinuately expanding to level of antennae thence incurved to suture, slightly foliate at level of antennae, disk of frons not depressed; clypeus short, slightly less than half length of frons, flat, laterally carinate, median carina obscure, subapical segment of rostrum longer than apical, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli remote from eyes, eyes narrowly oval, distinctly excavate beneath, not overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately short, almost as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk truncate, posterior margin angulately excavate, median carina present, lateral carinae of disk shallowly convex, each twice as long as median carina, pronotum laterad of disk not inclined anteroventrally, lateral margin carinate between eye and tegula, ventral margin of lateral pronotal lobes slightly oblique; mesonotum shorter than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, carinae parallel, tegulae obsoletely carinate ; pro-tibiae shorter than pro- femora and trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina three times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 160 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork slightly basad HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 99 of Cui fork and about level with union of claval veins, M forked level with node, seven apical areoles distad of stigma ; clavus terminating slightly distad of middle of tegmen. Wings with R simple, M two-branched, Cui three-branched. Callichlamys muiri Kirkaldy (FiG. 64) 1907. Callichlamys muiri Kirkaldy, loc. cit. :iao, pi. 9, figs. 20, 21. FIG. 64. Callichlamys muiri Kirkaldy. a, frons and clypeus ; b, head in profile ; c, vertex and pronotum ; d, tegmen. The figures are of a paratype in the British Museum. Callichlamys is readily recognizable by the shape of the vertex and frons. Its affinities, to judge by external characters, would seem to lie with Callinesia and perhaps with Caristianus. The genus is so far known only from the Fiji Islands. KARDOPOCEPHALUS Metcalf 1938. Kardopocephalus Metcalf, Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 88:379. Orthotype, Kardopocephalus lineatus Metcalf. Head with eyes markedly narrower than pronotum. Vertex horizontal, longer in middle line than broad across base (2-8 : i), produced before eyes for slightly less than twice their length, median carina present only in basal third, disk deeply hollowed out, anterior margin carinate, acutely rounded, lateral margins carinate, gradually diverging basad, posterior margin subrectangularly excavate ; frons longer in middle line than broad (2-5:1), widest part wider than base (6:1), basal margin conical, median carina distinct, percurrent, lateral margins carinate, slightly sinuately ex- panding to below level of antennae thence abruptly incurved to suture, disk markedly depressed; clypeus short, less than half length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, antennae small, subglobose, partly concealed below eyes and behind lateral margins of frons, eyes excavated beneath, not overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately long, longer behind eyes than in middle line, anterior margin of disk acutely convex, posterior margin rectangularly excavate, median carina ioo A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE present, lateral carinae of disk convex, attaining hind margin, each almost twice as long as median carina, pronotum laterad of disk not at all inclined anteroventrally, three supernumerary carinae behind eyes, lateral margins carinate; mesonotum as long as vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate; tegulae carinate; post-tibiae with spine obsolete. Tegmina three times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, Sc-j-R fork about one-third from base, Cui fork level with union of claval veins, M forking about level with node, stigmal area with about four cells, two callosities present in cells distad of this area, R, M, and Cuia subparallel, not converging to nodal line ; clavus termi- nating distad of middle of tegmen. Kardopocephalus lineatus Metcalf (Fie. 65) 1938. Kardopocephalus lineatus Metcalf, loc. cit. :38o. FIG. 65. Kardopocephalus lineatus Metcalf. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, tegmen. The writer has not seen material of this species and the above is based on the original description and figures. The genus is as yet known only from Central America ; its affinities would seem to lie with Koloptera. PARATANGIA Melichar 1903. Paratangia Melichar, Horn. Fauna Ceylon: 46. Logotype, Paratangia notata Melichar, loc. cit. 46. Head with eyes narrower than pronotum. Vertex not or slightly declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (1-3:1), produced before eyes for about half their length, median carina present in basal half only, disk slightly depressed, anterior HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 101 margin carinate, strongly convex, lateral margins subfoliately carinate, convex, diverging basad, posterior margin concave with a slight median notch ; frons almost straight in profile, longer in middle line than broad (1*1:1), widest part wider than base (3 : i) basal margin truncate, with a triangular transverse callus on each side of middle, median carina distinct, thickened basad, percurrent, lateral margins carinate, strongly diverging to below level of antennae thence strongly incurved to suture, so that frons and clypeus together appear rhomboidal, carinae foliately produced laterad at level of antennae, disk of frons not depressed ; clypeus fully three-quarters length of frons, laterally carinate, median carina weak or obsolete, rostrum with subapical segment longer than apical, antennae relatively prominent, subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli touching eyes, eyes not markedly excavated beneath, moderately overlapping pronotum. Pronotum short, much shorter behind eyes than in middle line, anterior margin of disk angulate-truncate, posterior margin subrectangularly excavate, median carina present, lateral carinae of disk straight or shallowly concave, attaining hind margin, each slightly more than twice length of median carina, pronotum laterad of disk strongly inclined anteroventrally, ventral margin of lateral lobes angulate and oblique, a weak carina between eyes and tegulae ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum together; tricarinate, tegulae not carinate; pro-tibiae shorter than pro- femora and trochanters ; post-tibiae with a single spine close to middle. Tegmina three times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, Sc-f-R fork, Cuia fork and union of claval veins at same level, M forked nearly level with node, eight apical areoles distad of stigma; clavus terminating at middle of tegmen. Wings with R simple, M two-branched, Cuia three-branched. Paratangia sp. (Fie. 66) FIG. 66. Paratangia sp. a, frons and clypeus ; b vertex and pronotum ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen. 102 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE The genus is distinguished by the shape of the irons, vertex, pronotum, and by the tegminal venation, and at present includes two described species, notata Mel. and marginata Mel. The figures are of an apparently undescribed species in the British Museum. BETATROPIS Matsumura 1914. Betatropis Matsumura, Ann. hist.-nat. Mus. hung. 12:274. Orthotype, Betatropis formo- sana Matsumura. Head with eyes a little narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous, at least as long in middle as broad across base, sometimes much longer, produced before eyes for at least three-fifths of their length, median carina present near base, disk de- pressed, anterior margin carinate, acutely rounded, lateral margins carinate, convex, diverging basad, posterior margin deeply concave ; frons almost straight in profile, longer in middle line than broad (about 2:1), widest part wider than base (about 4:1), basal margin convex, median carina distinct, percurrent, lateral margins carinate, straight and diverging to below level of antennae thence incurved to suture, slightly foliate laterad distally, disk of frons slightly inclined on each side of median carina ; clypeus short, about half length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, rostrum with subapical segment shorter than apical, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli remote from eyes, eyes not excavate beneath, slightly overlapping pronotum. Pronotum rather short, shorter behind eyes than in middle line, anterior margin of disk truncate-convex, posterior margin subrectangularly excavate, median carina present, lateral carinae of disk straight, diverging basad, attaining hind margin, each about three times as long as median carina, pronotum laterad of disk only slightly inclined anteroventrally, with supernumerary carinae behind each eye, lateral margins bicarinate, ventral margin of lateral pronotal lobes angulate and oblique ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, if only slightly so, tri- carinate, lateral carinae straight, diverging basad, tegulae not carinate ; pro-tibiae as long as pro-femora and trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina three times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, Sc+R fork slightly distad of Cui fork, latter nearly level with union of claval veins, M forked at level of nodal line, eight apical areoles distad of stigma, Cuib not deeply convex distad of apex of clavus, clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. Wings with R simple, M two-branched, Cui three-branched. Betatropis formosana Matsumura 1914. Betatropis formosana Matsumura, loc. cit. 1275. In this species the vertex is nearly twice as long in middle line as broad across base. Betatropis is distinguished by the shape of the frons, vertex, and pronotum and by the tegminal venation. It is known only from the Orient, and is distinguished from the Indian Caristianus by the structure of the pronotum and by the tegminal venation, as well as by the position of the ocelli and the shape of the eyes. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA Betatropis horishana Matsumura (FiG. 67) 1914. Betatropis horishana Matsumura, loc. cit. :2y6. 103 FIG. 67. Betatropis horishana Matsumura. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen. The vertex in this species is only as long as wide. The two species listed are all that are at present included in the genus. CARISTIANUS Distant 1916. Caristianus Distant, Fauna Brit. Ind. Rhynch. 6:63. Orthotype, Caristianus indicus Distant. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex slightly declivous, longer in middle than broad across base (1-3:1), produced before eyes for about half their length, median carina present, obsolete distally, disk strongly depressed, anterior margin carinate, strongly convex, lateral margins carinate, straight, diverging basad, posterior margin transverse ; frons moderately convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (about 1-8 : i), widest part about three times as wide as base, basal margin convex-truncate, median carina distinct, percurrent, lateral margins carinate, sinuately diverging to level of antennae then gradually incurved to suture, rather obliquely foliate, disk of frons not depressed ; clypeus more than half as long as frons, medially and laterally carinate, rostrum with subapical segment shorter than apical, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli touching eyes, eyes distinctly excavate beneath, only slightly overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately short, about as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior 104 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE margin of disk truncate, posterior margin angulately excavate (120), median carina present, lateral carinae of disk straight, diverging basad, attaining hind margin, each not quite twice as long as median carina, two incomplete carinae between eye and tegula, pronotum laterad of disk slightly inclined anteroventrally, ventral margin of lateral lobes slightly oblique ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum together, tricarinate, lateral carinae straight, weakly divergent, tegulae not carinate; post- tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina three times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, Sc+R fork near basal quarter, basad of union of claval veins, M forked level with node, GUI fork basad of apex of clavus and distad of union of claval veins, seven apical areoles distad of stigma ; clavus terminating distad of middle. Caristianus indicus Distant (FiG. 68) 1916. Caristianus indicus Distant, loc. cit. :63. FIG. 68. Caristianus indicus Distant. a, frons and clypeus ; b, head in profile ; c, vertex, pronotum, and mesonotum ; d, tegmen ; e, apex of wing. The figures are of Distant's holotype. Caristianus is distinguished by the shape of the frons, vertex, pronotum, and by the tegminal venation. The genus is known only from Ceylon and Sarawak. DEFERUNDA Distant 1906. Majella Kirkaldy, Bull. Hawaii. Sug. Ass. ent. Ser. i, 9:421. Haplotype, Majella majella Kirkaldy, ibid. 1421 (nom. praeocc.). 1912. Deferunda Distant, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 9:i86. Haplotype, Deferunda stigmatica Distant. 1914. Okatropis Matsumura, Ann. hist.-nat. Mus. hung. 18:272. Orthotype, Okatropis rubrc- stigma Matsumura, loc. cit. 1273. 1948. Majellana Metcalf, Smith Coll. Gen. Cat. Hem., 4 (10) : 63 (nom. nov. for Majella Kirkaldy). Head with eyes a little narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous, longer in middle line than broad across base (1-4:1), produced before eyes for about half their HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 105 length, median carina present only near base, disk markedly depressed, anterior margin carinate, acutely convex, lateral margins foliate, convex, diverging basad, posterior margin transverse ; frons shallowly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (i'3:i), widest part wider than base (5:1), basal margin convex, median carina present only in distal half, lateral margins straight, strongly foliate obliquely in basal half, less so distally, diverging to below level of antennae thence incurved to suture, disk of frons depressed in basal third, or apparently so on account of deeply foliate margins ; clypeus fully three-quarters length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, subapical segment of rostrum as long as apical, antennae subovate, not sunk in a depression, ocelli touching eyes, eyes excavate beneath, scarcely overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately short, almost as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk convex-truncate, posterior margin concave in an angle of about 100, median carina present, lateral carinae of disk straight, diverging basad, attaining hind margin, each 2-2 times as long as median carina, pronotum laterad of disk moderately inclined anteroventrally, ventral margin of lateral pronotal lobes markedly angulate and oblique ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum com- bined ; tricarinate ; pro-tibiae shorter than pro-femora and trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina three times as long as broad, costal margin scarcely convex, Sc+R fork apparently simple to nodal line, Cui fork level with union of claval veins, M forked level with node, Cui deeply convex distad of claval apex, six apical areoles distad of stigma ; clavus terminating distad of middle. Deferanda stigmatica Distant (Fie. 69) 1912. Deferunda stigmatica Distant, loc. cit.:i86. FIG. 69. Deferunda stigmatica Distant, a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen. ENTOM. I, I. 106 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE The figures are of Distant's type. A topotype of Majella majella Kirk and a speci- men of Okatropis rubrostigma Mats, have been compared with it and are unquestion- ably congeneric. The genus is readily distinguishable by the extreme foliation of the basal portion of the lateral carinae of the frons and by the tegminal venation. KURANDELLA gen. n. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex not or scarcely de- clivous, broader across base than long in middle line (1-2 : i), produced before eyes for about half their length, median carina distinct only in basal half, disk depressed, anterior margin carinate, convex in an angle of about 120, lateral margins elevated, subfoliate, moderately diverging basad, posterior margin broadly concave; frons shallowly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (17 : i), widest part wider than base (2-3:1), basal margin truncate or shallowly excavate, median carina dis- tinct, percurrent, lateral margins convex, diverging to below level of antennae thence moderately incurved to suture, slightly foliate obliquely, disk of frons not depressed ; clypeus short, about two-fifths length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli very narrowly separated from eyes, eyes not excavate beneath, only slightly overlapping pronotum. Pronotum distinctly short, about as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk convex, posterior margin rectangulately excavate, median carina present, lateral carina obscure or obsolete, pronotum laterad of disk not inclined anteroventrally except where overlapped by eyes, two carinae between eye and tegula, ventral margin of lateral pronotal lobes angulate and oblique ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate ; pro-tibiae equal to pro- femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina nearly three times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, Sc+R fork about level with GUI fork and union of claval veins, M forked level with stigma ; clavus terminating distad of middle. Type species, Kurandella nigromaculata sp. n. Kurandella nigromaculata sp. n. (Fie. 70) Female: length, 3-8 mm. ; tegmen, 5-0 mm. Pale straw yellow ; five spots on each lateral margin of frons, two spots above eyes, one below antennae, one above ocelli, one at apex of vertex, one at middle of each lateral margin, one in each depression of pronotum and on lateral lobes, six on disk of mesonotum, two on each tegula, piceou.s. Tegmina stramineous ; four spots in costal cell, one in first subapical cell, one in each of cells Mi, M2, M3+4, and a regularly spaced series along all veins of corium fuscous-piceous. Hind margin of pregenital plate transverse, slightly produced on each side of middle. Anal segment very short, apical margin convex, deeply notched medially. Subvaginal plate broad, weakly sclerotized in type specimen; ventral lobe of first HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 107 valvulae with inner margin straight, directed caudad, outer margin oblique ; third valvulae broadly ovate in lateral view, membrane on posterior margin broader dorsally than ventrally. Bursa copulatrix uniformly covered with minute annular FIG. 70. Kurandella nigromaculata, gen. et sp. n. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen ; e, anal segment of female ; /, posterior margin of pregenital sternite ; g, ventral lobe of first valyula ; h, third valvula, lateral view ; i, j, lateral and ventral views of sclerite in bursa copulatrix. ornamentation, and furnished with a single sub-placoid spine directed posteriorly ; a semicircular plate with a spine at entrance to bursa. Described from one female collected at Kuranda, Queensland, by F. P. Dodd (May 1904) Brit. Mus. 1948-549. Kurandella is distinguished by characters of the frons, vertex, and pronotum and by the tegminal venation. It is separated from Betatropis by the venation and from Caristianus by the shape of the pronotum. CIONODERELLA gen. n. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (1-5 : i), not produced before eyes, median carina distinct in basal half only, disk moderately depressed, anterior margin carinate form- ing an angle of 140 at apex, lateral margins straight, diverging basad, posterior margin angulately excavate (135) ; frons except near base almost straight in profile, or very shallowly convex, longer in middle line than broad (1-2 : i), widest part wider than base (1-6:1), basal margin slightly excavate, median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, more or less straight and parallel between eyes then broadly ampliate to below antennae thence abruptly incurved to suture, not foliate laterad, disk of frons not depressed, clypeus about three-quarters length of frons in middle line, medially and laterally carinate, median carina most distinct in basal portion, rostrum with subapical joint equal to apical, distinctly surpassing post-trochanters, io8 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli not touching eyes, eyes not excavate beneath, not overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately short, as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk shallowly convex, posterior margin correspondingly concave (135), median carina present, lateral carinae of disk straight, diverging basad, attaining hind margin, each 1-2 times as long as median carina, pronotum laterad of disk not inclined anteroventrally, two carinae between eye and tegula, ventral margin of lateral lobes oblique; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate ; pro-tibiae at least as long as pro-femora and trochanters, post-tibiae apparently unarmed. Tegmina 2-8 times as long as broad, Sc+R fork level with apex of clavus, M forked level with node, GUI fork scarcely distad of union of claval veins, nine or ten apical areoles distad of stigmal cell ; clavus terminating basad of middle of tegmen. Medioventral process of pygofer triangular, tapering distally. Posterior margin of seventh sternite of female transverse. Bursa copulatrix fur- nished at entrance with a stout finger-like sclerite supported basally by a slender transverse strut. Egg ellipsoidal with a short peg-like process at one pole. Type species, Cionoderella rubromarginata sp. n. Cionoderella rubromarginata sp. n. (FIG. 7 I) Male: length, 2-5 mm. ; tegmen, 3-6 mm. Female: length, 27 mm. ; tegmen, 3-9 mm. Rufous, tinged red ; apex of clypeus, rostrum and legs pallid stramineous, abdomen and genitalia fuscous. Tegmina fuscous ; node, transverse veins, vein M, two spots in cell M, distal portion of GUI in corium, hyaline, remaining part of veins, stigma and Sc cell red. Wings smoky, veins reddish. Medioventral process of pygofer triangular, sinuately tapering to apex. Phallobase in lateral view with dorsal margin horizontal, ventral margin sinuate with a shallow lobe in distal half. Posterior margin of seventh sternite of female transverse. Ventral lobes of first valvulae of ovipositor tapering distally, with outer margin oblique ; third valvulae in lateral view with dorsal margin straight, ventral margin convex: both these valvulae bearing setae with distinctly pustulate bases. Described from four males and one female collected at Tena, Ecuador, by F. X. Williams (9 March 1923). The male holotype is in the British Museum (Natural History) Brit. Mus. 1932-279. Cionoderella is distinguished by the shape of the frons, vertex, and pronotum, by the tegminal venation, and by the armature of the bursa copulatrix. SALEMINA Kirkaldy 1906. Salemina Kirkaldy, Bull. Hawaii. Sug. Ass. ent. Ser. 1 (9) 1417, 424. Haplotype, Salemina francescophila Kirkaldy. Head with eyes markedly narrower than pronotum. Vertex weakly declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (1-4:1), produced before eyes for about HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 109 two-fifths of their length, median carina present except at apex, elevated, disk slightly depressed, anterior margin carinate, elevated, forming an angle of 90 at apex, lateral margins carinate, strongly diverging basad, posterior margin angulately excavate (no ) ; frons slightly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (about 1-6 : i), lateral margins carinate, gradually divergent to below level of antennae, m FIG. 71. Cionoderella rubromarginata, gen. et sp. n. a, frons and clypeus; b, vertex and pronotum; c, head in profile; d, tegmen; e, aedeagus, lateral view; /, medio- ventral process of pygofer ; g, genital style ; h, ventral view of female genitalia ; i, ventral lobe of first valvula of ovipositor; j, third valvula, lateral view; k, I, m, posterolateral, anterior, and lateral views of sclerite near entrance to bursa copulatrix ; n, egg. thence incurved, median carina present throughout; clypeus tricarinate, three- quarters of length of frons; rostrum with subapical joint apparently equal to apical, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, eyes not overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately short, as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk truncate-convex, posterior margin broadly angulately excavate, median carina present, lateral carinae of disk straight or slightly convex, each about 1-6 times as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk not or scarcely inclined anteroventrally ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined ; distinctly tricarinate ; post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina about three times as long as broad, anterior margin slightly convex, commissural margin forming a re-entrant angle of about 160 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork about level with GUI fork, veins prominent, nine apical areoles distad of stigma, short, three in R and M scarcely longer than wide ; clavus terminating at middle of tegmen. no A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE Salemina franceseophila Kirkaldy (FiG. 72) 1906. Salemina francescophila Kirkaldy, loc. cit. 1424. FIG. 72. Salemina francescophila Kirkaldy. Vertex and pronotum. The genus is known only from Queensland. Its affinities are uncertain, but would seem to lie with Mdhuna Dist., from which it is separated by the proportions of the frons and pronotal disk. The tegminal venation, while not much dissimilar from that of Mdhuna, would appear to be closest to that of Hamba perplexa Dist. FRANCESCA Kirkaldy 1906. Francesca Kirkaldy, Bull. Hawaii. Sug. Ass. ent. Ser. 1, pi. 9:417, 424. Haplotype, Francesca saleminophila Kirkaldy. Head with eyes slightly narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous or scarcely so, as long in middle line as broad across base, produced before eyes for a third of their length, median carina present basally, obsolete distally, disk strongly depressed, markedly deepest at middle, anterior margin carinate, forming an angle of 110 at apex, lateral margins straight, moderately diverging basally, posterior margin angulately excavate (130) ; frons shallowly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (1-4:1), widest part wider than base (2-3:1), basal margin sinuate, median carina percurrent, lateral margins straight to below level of antennae thence moderately incurved to suture, slightly foliate anteriorly, disk of frons not depressed ; clypeus three-quarters of length of frons in middle line, medially and laterally carinate, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, eyes slightly overlapping pronotum. Pronotum short, shorter behind eyes than in middle line, anterior margin of disk truncate, posterior margin rectangularly excavate, median carina present, lateral carinae of disk slightly concave, diverging basad, attaining hind margin, each about 2-3 times as long as median carina, pronotum laterad of disk only moderately inclined anteroventrally, four weak supernumerary carinae behind eyes, lateral margins carinate between eye and tegula, ventral margin of pronotal lobes oblique ; mesonotum twice as long as pronotum and vertex combined, distinctly tricarinate ; post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina three times as long as wide, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of about 150 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork slightly distad HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA in of GUI fork, M forking at level of node, GUI fork about level with union of claval veins, nine apical areoles distad of stigma, the anterior five about as broad as long ; clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. Francesca saleminophila Kirkaldy (Fie. 73) 1906. Francesca saleminophila Kirkaldy, loc. cit. ^24. 1907. Kirkaldy, Bull. Hawaii. Sug. Ass. ent. Ser. 3, pi. 9, figs. 18, 19. FIG. 73. Francesca saleminophila Kirkaldy. a, vertex and pronotum ; b, tegraen. The genus is distinguished by the shape of the vertex and pronotum and by the tegminal venation: it is possible that its comparatively large size (6-0 mm. from vertex to apex of folded tegmina) is also characteristic of the genus. The present species is known only from Queensland. MORABALLIA gen. n. Head with eyes slightly narrower than pronotum. Vertex slightly declivous, as broad across base as long in middle line, produced before eyes for a quarter of their length, median carina absent, indicated at extreme base, disk markedly depressed, anterior margin carinate, elevated, sinuate, forming a general angle of 50, lateral margins short, elevated, straight, diverging basad, posterior margin rectangularly excavate; frons slightly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (1-8:1), widest part wider than base (2-2:1), basal margin excavate, median carina elevated, percurrent, lateral margins carinate, foliate obliquely, straight to below level of antennae thence slightly incurved to suture, disk of frons distinctly longitudinally depressed between median carina and margins, less so distally ; clypeus two-thirds of length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, rostrum with subapical segment very markedly shorter than apical, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli separated from eyes, eyes a little overlapping pronotum. Pronotum short, anterior margin of disk convex, posterior margin angulately excavate (no ), median carina present, lateral carinae of disk straight or slightly convex, each about 1-2 times as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk moderately inclined anteroventrally, two weak incomplete carinae at lateral margin, ventral margin of lateral lobes convex, slightly oblique ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, distinctly tricarinate, carinae diverging basad ; pro-tibiae equal to pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. H2 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE Tegmina three times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 145 at apex of clavus, Sc-f-R fork level with Cui fork, both a little distad of union of claval veins, M forking level with node, eight apical areoles distad of stigmal cell ; clavus terminating at middle of tegmen. Bursa copulatrix armed with a finger-like sclerite with a broadly triangular base : a spine of similar shape also near entrance. Type species, Moraballia fuliginosa sp. n. Moraballia fuliginosa sp. n. (FiG. 74) f FIG. 74. Moraballia fuliginosa, gen. et sp. n. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen ; e, posterior margin of pregenital sternite of female ; /, third valvula of ovipositor ; g, apical portion of first valvula ; h, sclerite in wall of vagina ; t, j, dorsal and lateral views of sclerite in bursa copulatrix. Female: length, 3-9 mm. ; tegmen, 5-0 mm. Fuscous-piceous ; clypeus, lower part of thorax and legs fuscous. Tegmina fuscous- piceous, costal cell fuscous. Hind margin of pregenital sternite transverse-convex. Ovipositor with first valvulae beset with two stout teeth at apex and a broadly triangular tooth nearer base ; third valvulae broadly subovate, with a rounded setose eminence at middle of dorsal margin. Bursa copulatrix furnished with a straight finger-like spine dilated at its base into a crescentic lamina; a similar spine, more acute at apex and with a narrower base, in vagina. Described from one female labelled 'Moraballi Creek, Essequibo River, British Guiana, 27.ix.iQ29 ; Brit. Mus. 1929-485 '. Type in British Museum. This genus is distinguished by the shape of the frons, vertex, and pronotum and by the tegminal venation. The structure of the head recalls that of Francesca, but the shape of the pronotum and of the apical areoles is different in the two genera. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 113 BATHYCEPHALA gen. n. Head with eyes slightly narrower than pronotum. Vertex declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (1-6:1), produced before eyes for half their length, median carina absent, disk sunk below level of anterior margin to a depth about equal to half length of vertex, anterior margin carinate, foliate, transverse along its ventral margin, obtusely angulate at apex of dorsal margin (130), lateral margins elevated, straight, subparallel, posterior margin angulately excavate (120) ; frons slightly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (1-4:1), widest part wider than base (1-5 : i), basal margin excavate, median carina elevated, percurrent, lateral margins carinate, foliate obliquely, straight to below level of antennae thence slightly incurved, disk of frons longitudinally impressed between median carina and margins ; clypeus three-quarters of length of frons, medially and laterally carinate ; rostrum with subapical segment equal to apical, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depres- sion, ocelli very narrowly separated from eyes, eyes scarcely excavated below, slightly overlapping pronotum. Pronotum short, not quite as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk truncate, posterior margin deeply concave, median carina present, lateral carinae of disk concave, each fully three times as long as median carina, not attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk inclined anteroventrally except near hind margin, ventral margin of lateral lobes distinctly oblique; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum together, tricarinate; pro- tibiae shorter than pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina 3-2 times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of about 150 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork slightly distad of GUI fork, M forking slightly basad of node, GUI fork about level with union of claval veins, five small cells in stigmal area, eight apical areoles around margin distad of these ; clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. Anal segment of female about as broad as long, telson just surpassing apical margin. Posterior margin of seventh sternite transverse-convex. Bursa copulatrix armed with a spinose sclerite ; a similar sclerite at its entrance. Egg ellipsoidal with a small peg-like micropylar process at one pole. Type species, Bathycephala guianesa sp. n. Bathycephala guianesa sp. n. (Fie. 75) Female : length, 4-8 mm. ; tegmen, 6-3 mm. Fuscous ; clypeus at base and apex, lateral margins and base of frons, genae except before antennae, sides of head above ocelli and above eyes, carinae and hind margin of pronotum, carinae of mesonotum, a spot inside lateral mesonotal carinae at base, a spot at each lateral angle, apex of scutellum, rostrum, margins of pleurites, apex of post-femora and all post-tibiae, testaceous to pallid. Tegmina fuscous-piceous, costal cell, stigma, cell Sc+R, basal two-thirds of clavus, a broken band from node to apex of clavus extending into cell Cuib, pallid or mostly so, veins testaceous, pallid in membrane, membrane infuscate, paler basad of transverse veins and apical margin. ENTOM. i, i. p H4 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE Subvaginal plate broadly triangular, pigmented but not strongly sclerotized. Ventral lobes of first valvulae with inner margin straight, outer margin broadly curved. First valvulae of ovipositor with three broad teeth and two longer apical teeth. Bursa copulatrix furnished with a flattened spine arising from a crescentic FIG. 75. Bathycephala guianesa, gen. et sp. n. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen ; e, posterior margin of pregenital sternite of female ; /, ventral lobe of first valvula of ovipositor ; g, h, dorsal and lateral views of sclerite in bursa copulatrix ; i, j, dorsal and lateral views of sclerite in vagina ; k, egg. sclerite ; entrance to bursa armed with a similar spine, one-third longer than pre- ceding and less flattened. Described from one female taken at New River Head, British Guiana, 1,500- 2,500 ft., by C. A. Hudson (27 April 1938), Brit. Mus. 1939-370. Bathycephala is distinguished by the shape of the vertex and pronotum and by the tegminal venation. It differs from Moraballia in the shape of the vertex and pronotum and in profile of head, as well as in the proportionate length of the clavus. EPIRAMA Melichar 1903. Epirama Melichar, Horn. Fauna Ceylon:^. Haplotype, E. conspergata Melichar. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous, longer in middle line than broad across base (1-3 : i), produced before eyes for two-thirds of their length, median carina distinct throughout, disk slightly depressed, anterior margin carinate, acutely convex (through 70), lateral margins straight, diverging basad, posterior margin shallowly excavate ; frons longer in middle line than broad (1-7:1), widest part wider than base (2-7:1), basal margin convex, median carina distinct, percurrent, lateral margins carinate, weakly foliate laterally, straight to below level of antennae thence slightly incurved, disk of frons slightly impressed on each side of median carina ; clypeus about three-quarters of length of frons, medially HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 115 and laterally carinate, rostrum with subapical segment shorter than apical, surpassing post-coxae, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli not touching eyes, eyes not overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately short, not quite as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk convex, posterior margin angulately excavate (no ), median carina present, lateral carinae of disk convex, attaining hind margin, each about 1-2 times as long as median carina, pronotum laterad of disk not inclined anteroventrally or only slightly so, margins carinate between eye and tegula, ventral margin of lateral lobes oblique ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate ; pro-tibiae equal to pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae unarmed or with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina 3-4 times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of about 160 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork about level with GUI fork, M forked at level of node, GUI fork about level with union of claval veins, eight apical areoles around margin distad of stigmal cell ; clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. Epirama conspergata Melichar (Fie. 76) 1903. Epirama conspergata Melichar, loc. cit. :45. FIG. 76. Epirama conspergata Melichar. a, irons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, tegmen ; d, apex of wing. The figures are after Melichar. Epirama appears to be close to Betatropis and Caristianus. The genera are ap- parently constantly separated by the carination of the vertex and the proportions of the tegmina. Epirama was described as having no post-tibial spine, while Beta- tropis was stated to have two. This difference is probably unreliable. MAHUNA Distant 1907. Mahuna Distant, A nn. Mag. not. Hist. : (7) 19 : 289. Orthotype, Mahuna conspersa Distant. 1928. Tabiana Jacobi, Archiv for Zoologi: 19ANo. 28:28. Logotype, Tabiana viridicans Jacobi. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (1-7:1), produced before eyes for three-eighths n6 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE of their length, median carina present except at extreme apex, disk distinctly de- pressed, anterior margin carinate, forming an angle of 120 at apex, lateral margins carinate, straight, diverging basad, posterior margin excavate (about 130), frons slightly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad, widest part fully twice as wide as base, basal margin slightly excavate, median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, slightly foliate laterally, convex, diverging to below level of antennae thence incurved to suture, disk of frons not impressed ; clypeus about two- thirds length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, rostrum with subapical segment shorter than apical, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli separated from eyes, eyes not covering pronotum. Pronotum short, at least as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk convex-truncate, posterior margin angulately excavate (about 110), median carina present, lateral carinae of disk convex, each three times as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk slightly inclined anteroventrally, ventral margins of lateral lobes oblique ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum together, tricarinate, pro-tibiae shorter than pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina three times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 155 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork almost level with Cui fork, both scarcely distad of union of claval veins, M forked level with node, nine apical areoles distad of stigmal cell; clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. Wings with R two-branched, M two-branched, Cui three-branched. Mahuna conspersa Distant (FiG. 77) 1907. Mahuna conspersa Distant, loc. cit. 1290. FIG. 77. Mahuna conspersa Distant. a, vertex and pronotum ; b, tegmen. The figures are of Distant 's type. Mahuna is distinguished by the shape of the vertex and pronotum and by the tegminal venation ; it differs from Salemina Kirk. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 117 in the shape of the pronotal disk and in the proportions of the apical areolets of the tegmen. MLANJELLA gen. n. Head with eyes slightly narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (2:1), produced before eyes for scarcely a fifth of their length, median carina present only in basal half, disk depressed, anterior margin carinate, forming an angle of 155 at apex, lateral margins carinate, straight, diverging basad, posterior margin subangulately excavate (no ) ; frons slightly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (1-5:1), widest part wider than base (1-8:1), basal margin truncate, median carina percurrent, rather calloused in basal fifth, lateral margins carinate, slightly foliate laterad, convex, diverging to below level of antennae thence slightly incurved to suture, disk of frons not im- pressed; clypeus two-thirds of length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, rostrum with subapical segment equal to apical, just attaining post-coxae, antennae subglobose, slightly sunk in a depression, ocelli touching eyes, eyes slightly covering pronotum. Pronotum short, not as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk convex-truncate, posterior margin angulately excavate (about 100), median carina present, lateral carinae of disk slightly convex, each three times as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk distinctly inclined anteroventrally, ventral margins of lateral lobes oblique; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum together, tricarinate, pro-tibiae equal to pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina fully three times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 150 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork about level with GUI fork, or slightly distad, M fork slightly basad of node, Cui fork about level with union of claval veins, stigmal area with about four small cells, eight areoles distad of these around apical margin ; clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. Wings with R two-branched, M two-branched, Cui three-branched. Bursa copulatrix unarmed, two large spines at its entrance, each attached to a crescentic plate in the wall. Type species, Mlanjella bispinosa sp. n. Mlanjella bispinosa sp. n. (Fie. 78) Female: length, 3-5 mm. ; tegmen, 5-0 mm. Posterior margin of vertex raised in a slight ridge, median carina rather broad. Fuscous: two bands across frons and genae, carinae of pronotum and mesonotum, hind margin of pronotum, lower third of tegulae, lower part of thorax and margins of abdomen ochraceous, legs pale fuscous. Tegmina fuscous, two transparent oval spots in costal cell, one at stigma, all transverse veinlets and apex of clavus pallid. Wings infuscate. Posterior margin of seventh abdominal sternite transverse. Subvaginal plate with dorsal margin about half length of ventral margin. Outer margin of ventral lobes of n8 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE first valvulae oblique, broadly rounding into apical margin ; first valvulae armed with six teeth, the basal three short. Third valvulae subquadrate with an eminence on dorsal margin. Bursa copulatrix unarmed; two unequal spines opposed to one another at entrance to bursa, each rising from a crescentic sclerite. FIG. 78. Mlanjella bispinosa, gen. et sp. n. a, irons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen ; e, apex of wing ; /, posterior margin of seventh sternite, lateroventral portions of eighth, and ventral lobes of first valvulae of ovipositor ; g, subvaginal plate ; h, ventral lobe of first valvula ; i, third valvula ; j, first valvula ; k, spiniferous sclerites at entrance to bursa copulatrix. Described from one female collected at Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland, by S. A. Neave (6 July 1913), Brit. Mus. 1913-140. Type in British Museum. Mlanjella is distinguished by the shape of the frons, vertex, and pronotum and by the tegminal venation. HAITIANA Dozier 1936. Haitiana Dozier, Amer. Mus. Novit. 845:2. Orthotype, Haitiana nigrita Dozier. Head with eyes only a little narrower than pronotum. Vertex not or scarcely de- clivous, broader across base than long in middle line (about 2:1), not produced before eyes, medially carinate throughout, disk not depressed, anterior margin carinate, convex, a transverse callus between apex of vertex and frons, and a transverse carina on each side near anterior margin of eyes, parallel to anterior margin of vertex, lateral margins weakly carinate, concave, diverging basad, posterior margin broadly excavate; frons slightly convex in profile, broader than long in middle line (1*1:1), widest part wider than base (nearly 1*3:1), basal margin truncate, median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, not foliate, straight or slightly convex to below level of antennae, thence abruptly incurved to suture, disk of frons not impressed ; HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 119 clypeus about as long as frons, medially and laterally carinate, rostrum with sub- apical segment shorter than apical, antennae cylindrical, obliquely truncate distally, sunk in a depression and roofed by eyes, ocelli touching eyes, eyes not or only slightly overlapping pronotum. Pronotum short, as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk convex, posterior margin angulately excavate (about 130), disk small, medially carinate, with lateral carinae convex, each fully twice as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk not inclined antero- ventrally, with four supernumerary carinae on each side behind eyes but no carina between eyes and tegulae at lateral margins, ventral margins of lateral lobes oblique ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, tegulae not carinate, pro-tibiae shorter than pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a slight spine basad of middle. Tegmina about 2-8 times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 145 at apex of clavus, Sc-f-R fork nearly level with GUI fork, M forked level with node, GUI fork distad of union of claval veins but basad of apex of clavus, R, M and Cuia approximated at nodal line, Cuib distinctly convex distad of apex of clavus, GUI and first claval vein each foliate near middle, second claval vein foliate near apex, seven areoles along apical margin distad of stigmal cell. Wings with R simple, M two-branched. Haitiana nigrita Dozier (FiG. 79) 1936. Haitiana nigrita Dozier, loc. cit. :a. FIG. 79. Haitiana nigrita Dozier , frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen. The figures of the head are from the holotype in the American Museum of Natural History, while that of the tegmen is from a specimen in the British Museum. The genus is well distinguished by the characters of the head and pronotum and by the tegminal venation. The structure of the anterior portion of the vertex recalls that 120 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE found in Eurynomeus, while the tegmina are not dissimilar from those of Tropi- phlepsia. EURYNOMEUS Kirkaldy 1906. Eurynomeus Kirkaldy, Bull. Hawaii. Sug. Ass. ent. Ser. 1 (9) 1417, 422. Haplotype, Eurynomeus australiae Kirkaldy, loc. cit. :422. Head with eyes narrower than pronotum.Vertex not declivous, broader across base than longer in middle line (1-4:1), produced before eyes for about a fifth of their length, median carina present except at extreme apex, disk slightly depressed, anterior margin carinate, strongly convex, a more or less distinct carina on each side at level of anterior margin of eyes parallel to anterior margin of vertex, forming, except for a medial interruption, two carinae between vertex and frons, lateral margins straight, diverging basad, posterior margin angulately excavate (about 120), frons moderately convex in profile, about as broad as long in middle line, widest part wider than base (1-6 : i), basal margin truncate, median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, foliate laterad distally, convex, diverging to below level of antennae thence incurved to suture, disk of frons not impressed ; clypeus about four-fifths of length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, rostrum with subapical segment about equal to apical, antennae subglobose, slightly sunken, ocelli touching eyes, eyes not or scarcely overlapping pronotum. Pronotum short, as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk convex-truncate, posterior margin angulately excavate (115), median carina present, an impression on disk on each side, lateral carinae of disk straight, each about twice as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk not or scarcely inclined anteroventrally, ventral margin of lateral lobes oblique; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum together, tri- carinate, pro-tibiae slightly longer than pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina fully three times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 155 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork about level with Cui fork, both scarcely distad of union of claval veins, M forking at level of node, nine apical areoles distad of stigmal cell; clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. Wings with R two-branched, M two-branched, Cui three-branched. Eurynomeus granulatus Muir (FiG. 80) 1921. Eurynomeus granulatus Muir, Proc. Hawaii, ent. Soc. 4:571. For comparison with Kirkaldy 's type (Kirkaldy, 1907, pi. 9, figs. 7, 8) figures are given of the type of E. granulatus Muir. A third species, E. niger Muir, was also seen, and it would appear that the characters given above are truly generic. The genus is readily distinguished by the shape of the frons, vertex, and pronotum, by the inter- rupted double carinae at the anterior margin of the vertex (though the anterior portions may be evanescent), and by the tegminal venation. All the known species are Australasian. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA b FIG. 80. Eurynomeus granulatus Muir a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, vertex and base of frons, laterodorsal view ; d, tegmen. PSEUDHELICOPTERA Fowler 1904. Pseudhelicoptera Fowler, Biol. Cent.-Amer. Rhynch.-Hom. 1:103, 107. Haplotype, Pseudhelicoptera nasuta Fowler. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous, markedly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad across base (about 3:1), produced before eyes for nearly two-thirds of their length, median carina present only in basal third, disk much hollowed out, a small triangular areolet at each latero-apical angle of head, lateral margins strongly foliate, much raised above anterodorsal margin of eyes, straight, parallel or slightly diverging between eyes, posterior margin acutely excavate, frons in profile almost straight, longer in middle line than broad (about 3:1), widest part about three times width at base, basal margin acutely convex, median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, gradually diverging to below level of antennae thence slightly incurved to suture, disk not impressed; clypeus about half of length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, antennae subglobose, slightly sunk in a depression, ocelli separated from eyes, eyes broadly ovate, not excavate, not or only slightly overlapping pronotum. Pronotum very short medially, of moderate length behind eyes, disk sublinear, tectiform, anteriorly acute, posteriorly rectangularly excavate, medial notch acute, median carina prominent, pronotum laterad of disk not inclined anteroventrally, three supernumerary carinae behind each eye and two at margin between eye and tegula, ventral margins of lateral lobes oblique; mesonotum about equal to vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina three times as long as wide, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of about 155 at apex of clavus, a narrow costal area present, Sc+R fork slightly basad of Cui fork, or at same level, M forked at level of node, Cui fork very approximately level with union of claval veins, numerous super- numerary veinlets along costal margin, about 9 in Sc and R at margin distad of ENTOM. I, I. Q 122 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE stigmal cell, apical areoles of Cu normal; clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. Wing venation normal. Medioventral process of pygofer subconical, raised in a small dome apically. Pseudhelicoptera nasuta Fowler (Fie. 81) 1904. Pseudhelicoptera nasuta Fowler, loc. cit. :io8, p. n, figs. 18, a, b. FIG. 81. Pseudhelicoptera nasuta Fowler a, head and thorax lateral view ; b, anterior margin of tegmen ; c, medioventra process of pygofer. The figures are of Fowler's male holotype from Volcan de Chiriqui. A female from New River, British Guiana (C. A. Hudson, 26 February 1938), is larger than the preceding, being 6-9 mm. long with a tegminal length of 7-2 mm. The coloration is similar but generally darker. In the tegmina Cuia is forked at the level of the apical line of transverse veins, while in the type it is simple to the apex. The genus is readily distinguished by the shape of the head, pronotum, and tegminal venation, and occupies a rather isolated position in its group. REMOSACHILUS gen. n. Head with eyes slightly narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous, longer in middle line than broad across base (3:1), produced before eyes for twice their length, median carina distinct in basal third, obsolete in distal two-thirds, disk slightly depressed, anterior margin carinate, shallowly convex, a small triangular areolet at each latero-apical angle of head, lateral margins carinate, foliate, straight or slightly sinuate, diverging basad, posterior margin rectangulately excavate, frons slightly concave in profile, longer in middle line than broad (3-3:1), widest part about three times as wide as width at base, basal margin convex, median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate and slightly foliate anteriorly, sinuately diverging to below level of antennae thence gently incurved to suture, disk not impressed, clypeus about a third of length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, rostrum with subapical segment shorter than apical, antennae subglobose, separated from eyes, eyes elongate-oval, not excavate, not overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately long, not quite as HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 123 long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk semicircularly convex, posterior margin acutely excavate, median carina present, lateral carinae of disk straight, each about i-i times as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk not inclined anteroventrally, two faint supernumerary carinae behind eyes, two carinae on each side between eye and tegula, ventral margins of lateral lobes oblique; mesonotum shorter than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, pro-tibiae about equal to pro-femora with trochanters, post- tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina a little more than three times as long as wide, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 155 at apex of clavus, Sc-fR forked level with GUI fork or slightly distad, M fork about level with node, GUI fork distad of union of claval veins but markedly basad of apex of clavus, stigmal cell simple, eight areoles distad of it around apical margin, clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. Type species, Remosachilus macrocephalus sp. n. Remosachilus macrocephalus sp. n. (FIG. 82) Male and female : length, 5-0 mm. ; length of head in middle line, 1-5 mm. ; tegmen, 5-3 mm. FIG. 82. Remosachilus macrocephalus, gen. et sp. n. a, vertex and pronotum ; b, head and pronotum in profile ; c, tegmen ; d, median portion of margin of pregenital sternite ; e, ventral lobe of first valvula of ovipositor ; /, third valvula of ovipositor ; g, subvaginal plate, pos- terior view ; h, j, lateral and dorsal views of sclerite in bursa copulatrix ; i, bursa copulatrix and spermatheca (semi-diagrammatic) . Fuscous, speckled with round pallid-yellow spots; lateral margins of frons with three pallid wedges in basal half, pale testaceous in distal half with five oblique fuscous lines, abdomen fuscous. Tegmina infuscate, speckled with yellow in costal 124 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE cell, near veins and on clavus, apical margin, from node to Cu, red. Wings infuscate. Posterior margin of seventh abdominal sternite of female transverse, slightly convex-truncate in middle. Sub vaginal plate with a median spine. Ventral lobes of first valvulae triangular, distinctly broader than long, third valvulae subquadrate, as broad at base as long, membrane on distal margin prominent. Bursa copulatrix unarmed, a large flattened sclerotized plate at entrance bearing a short spine. Described from one male and two females labelled 'Sabron, Camp 2, 2000 ft., Cyclops Mts., Dutch New Guinea, vi. 1936, L. E. Cheesman, B.M. 1936-271.' Type in British Museum. The genus is distinguished by the shape of the head and pronotum and by the tegminal venation. HAMBA Distant 1907. Hamba Distant, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 19:279. Orthotype, Cixius perplexus Walker. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous, longer in middle line than broad across base (1-2:1), produced before eyes for two-fifths of their length, median carina distinct in basal half, obsolete distally, disk markedly depressed, anterior margin carinate, rectangulately convex at apex, a small triangular areolet at each latero-apical angle of head, its lower margin rather indistinct, lateral margins carinate, foliate dorsad, straight, gradually diverging basad, posterior margin rectangulately excavate with a distinct median notch ; f rons slightly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad, widest part wider than base (about 2-5:1), basal margin truncate, median carina very prominent, percurrent, lateral margins carinate, straight or slightly convex to below level of antennae thence in- curved to suture, disk not impressed; clypeus about two-thirds of length of frons, laterally carinate, median carina prominent, rostrum with subapical segment shorter than apical (1-6:1), antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli touching eyes or very narrowly separated from them, eyes scarcely overlapping pronotum. Pronotum short, about two-thirds as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk truncate, posterior margin angulately excavate (no ), median carina broad and distinct, lateral carinae of disk concave, each about twice as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk slightly inclined antero- ventrally, an indication of three supernumerary carinae behind eyes or none, lateral margin carinate between eye and tegula, ventral margins of lateral lobes oblique; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, pro-tibiae slightly longer than pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina nearly 3-2 times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of about 158 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork slightly distad of GUI fork, M fork slightly basad of level of node, Cui fork just distad of union of claval veins, nine areoles on apical margin distad of stigmal cell, all except Cuib rather short; clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. Wings with R simple, M two-branched, Cui three-branched. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 125 Hamba perplexa (Walker) (Fie. 83) 1857. Cixius perplexus Walker, /. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 1:147. FIG. 83. Hamba perplexa (Walker) a, vertex and pronotum ; b, tegmen. The figures are of the type. The genus is distinguished by the shape of the head and pronotum and by the tegminal venation. It is known only from Borneo, and is separated from Betatropis by the presence of latero-apical facets on the vertex and by the short apical areoles in the tegmen, as well as by the shape of the pronotal disk. TALOKA Distant 1907. Taloka Distant Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 18:280. Orthotype, Brixia opaca Walker. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (1-5 : i), produced before eyes for a third of their length, median carina distinct, disk not depressed, anterior margin carinate, rect- angulately convex at apex, a relatively large and conspicuous triangular areolet at each latero-apical angle of head, lateral margins carinate, diverging basad, posterior margin broadly concave ; frons slightly convex in profile, broader than long in middle line (nearly 1-2:1), widest part wider than base (1-6 : i), basal margin slightly convex, median carina percurrent, slightly calloused at base, lateral margins carinate, slightly foliate laterad, straight or slightly convex to below level of antennae, thence rather strongly incurved to suture ; clypeus as long as frons, medially and laterally carinate, rostrum with subapical segment shorter than apical, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression but distinctly roofed over by eyes, ocelli touching eyes, eyes markedly excavate beneath, not overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately long, not quite as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk convex-truncate, posterior margin angulately excavate (120), median carina distinct, lateral carinae straight, each about 1-5 times as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk not inclined anteroventrally, two or three supernumerary carinae weakly present behind eyes, two carinae between eye and tegula on each side, 126 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE ventral margin of lateral lobes oblique ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, tegulae not carinate, pro-tibiae shorter than pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina about 2-7 times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 150 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork distad of Cui fork, M fork at level of node, GUI fork level with union of claval veins, Cuia and M approximated at nodal line, Cuib strongly convex distad of apex of clavus, seven areoles distad of stigmal cell around apical margin; clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. Taloka opaca (Walker) (Fie. 84) 1867. Brixia opaca Walker, /. Linn. Soc. Land. (Zool.) 10: m. FIG. 84. Taloka opaca (Walker) a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head and pronotum in profile ; d, tegmen. The figures are of the type. Taloka, known only from New Guinea, is distinguished by the shape of the head and pronotum and by the tegminal venation. It is separated from Gordiacea by the form of the vertex, the ratio of lengths of the distal segments of the rostrum, and by the general proportions of the tegmina. In Gordiacea, moreover, the frons in profile is distinctly more convex, while the disk of the clypeus is slightly tumid, whereas in Taloka it is flat. The two genera are nevertheless very closely allied. GORDIACEA Metcalf 1903. Gordia Melichar, Horn. Fauna Ceylon:^. Haplotype, Gordia oculata Melichar (nom. praeocc.). 1948. Gordiacea Metcalf, Smith Coll. Gen. Cat. Hem. 4 (10) :ij. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (nearly 1-2:1), produced before eyes for a seventh of their length, median carina distinct, disk slightly depressed, anterior margin carinate, truncate at apex, a rather small equilaterally-triangular areolet at each latero-apical aglen of head, lateral margins carinate, moderately diverging basad, HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 127 posterior margin truncate or very shallowly concave; irons distinctly convex in profile, as broad as long in middle line or very slightly broader than long (less than 1-1:1), widest part twice as wide as base, basal margin truncate, median carina present, prominent at base, obsolete at apex, lateral margins carinate, distinctly foliate laterad, sinuately diverging to below level of antennae thence moderately incurved to suture, disk of frons slightly hollowed out ; clypeus slightly shorter than frons, medially and laterally carinate, disk slightly convex, rostrum with subapical segment longer than apical, reaching mesotrochanters, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression but distinctly roofed over by eyes, ocelli touching eyes, eyes markedly excavate beneath, not overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately long, not as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk convex-truncate, posterior margin angulately excavate (130), median carina distinct, lateral carinae straight, each about 1-5 times as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk not inclined anteroventrally, three supernumerary carinae on each side behind eyes, two carinae between eye and tegula on each margin, ventral margin of lateral pronotal lobes oblique; mesonotum longer than vertex and pro- notum combined, tricarinate, tegulae not carinate, pro-tibiae shorter than pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina 2-9 times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 158 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork basad of GUI fork, M forked at level of node, Cui fork level with union of claval veins, GUI and M approximated at level of nodal line, Cuib strongly convex distad of apex of clavus, six marginal areoles distad of stigmal cell ; clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. Wings with R simple, M two-branched, Cui three-branched. Gordiacea oculata (Melichar) (Fie. 85) 1903. Gordia oculata Melichar, loc. cit. 143. FIG. 85. Gordiacea oculata (Melichar) a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head and pronotum in profile ; d, tegmen. The figures are of a specimen in the British Museum. The genus is known only from Ceylon. 128 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE CYTHNA Kirkaldy 1906. Cythna Kirkaldy, Bull. Hawaii. Sug. PI. Ass. ent. Ser. 1 (9) '.423. Haplotype, Cythnalaon Kirkaldy, loc. cit. 1423. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex very slightly declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (nearly 1-3:1), produced before eyes for rather more than a quarter of their length, median carina distinct, disk not or only slightly depressed, anterior margin carinate, subrectangulately convex at apex, a relatively large and conspicuous triangular areolet at each latero-apical angle of head, lateral margins carinate, diverging basad, posterior margin broadly concave ; frons slightly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (i-i : i), widest part wider than base (2:1), basal margin truncate or slightly excavate, median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, slightly foliate laterad distally, straight to below level of antennae thence markedly incurved to suture; clypeus scarcely shorter than frons in middle line, medially and laterally carinate, rostrum with subapical segment equal to apical, antennae subglobose, slightly sunk in a depression, ocelli touching eyes, eyes not excavate, not overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately long, as long behind eyes as in middle line or slightly longer, anterior margin of disk convex- truncate, posterior margin angulately excavate (125), median carina distinct, lateral carinae convex, each twice as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk not or scarcely inclined anteroventrally, two carinae between eye and tegula on each side, ventral margin of lateral lobes oblique ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, tegulae not carinate, pro-tibiae shorter than pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina about 2-8 times as long as broad, granulate, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 145 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork level with GUI fork or slightly distad, M fork just basad of level of node, GUI fork level with union of claval veins, eight or nine areoles around margin distad of stigmal cell; clavus terminating at middle of tegmen. Wings with R two-branched, M two- branched, GUI three-branched. Cythna fusca Muir (Fie. 86) 1927. Cythna fusca Muir, Ins. Samoa, 2 (i) : 18. The figures are from Muir's type in the British Museum. The genus is near Arge- leusa Kirkaldy as noted by Kirkaldy himself, but differs in the shape of the vertex. Its species, laon Kirkaldy and fusca Muir, are both Australasian. BALLOMARIUS Jacob! 1941. Ballomarius Jacobi, Zool. Jb. 74:294. Orthotype, Ballomarius terrenus Jacobi, loc. cit. 295. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex slightly declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (1-4:1), produced before eyes for about a fifth of their length, median carina distinct, disk slightly depressed between median carina and margins, anterior margin carinate, convex, a small triangular areolet at HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 129 each latero-apical angle of head, lateral margins carinate, slightly diverging basad, posterior margin truncate ; frons slightly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (2-0 to 1-5:1), widest part wider than base (about 1-6:1), basal margin sub- truncate, median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, slightly foliate obliquely distally, straight to below level of antennae thence incurved to suture ; clypeus three- quarters length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, rostrum with subapical FIG. 86. Cythna fusca Muir a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head and pronotum in profile ; d, tegmen. segment shorter than apical, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli separated from eyes, eyes shallowly excavate beneath, slightly overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately short, not quite as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk truncate, posterior margin angulately excavate (120), median carina distinct, lateral carinae of disk straight, each twice as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk moderately inclined anteroventrally, margins not carinate, ventral margin of lateral pronotal lobes oblique; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, pro-tibiae slightly longer than pro- femora with trochanters, or of equal length, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina about 2-8 times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming re-entrant angle of 150 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork nearly level with GUI fork, M fork distinctly basad of level of node, on a line between node and apex of clavus, GUI fork level with union of claval veins, eight or nine areoles around apical margin distad of stigmal cell; clavus terminating not much distad of basal third of tegmen. Wings with R simple, M two-branched, Cui three-branched. Ballomarius bilobatus sp. n. (Fics. 87, 88) Female: length, 3-5 mm. ; tegmen, 5-8 mm. Testaceous; a spot below antennae piceous, a broad longitudinal line on each side of median carina of vertex, pronotum and mesonotum fuscous; lateral fields of mesonotum, abdomen, except at posterior margins, reddish-brown ; legs slightly ENTOM. I, I. R I 3 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE infuscate. Tegmina fuscous, translucent, all veins testaceous; wings transparent, slightly infumed. Posterior margin of seventh abdominate sternite produced pos- teriorly in a narrow lobe on each side of middle line; ventral lobes of eighth abdominal segment sinuately tapering distally, terminating in a point. Third valvulae FIG. 87. Ballomarius bilobatus sp. n. a, head in profile ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, tegmen. FIG. 88. Ballomarius bilobatus sp. n. a, posterior margin of pregenital sternite, lateroventral portions of eighth segment and ventral lobes of first valvulae of ovipositor ; b, sclerite at entrance to bursa copulatrix. of ovipositor distinctly longer than broad, ventral margin straight or slightly convex, dorsal margin strongly convex, apical margin truncate-convex. Bursa copulatrix unornamented, vagina broadly tubular, a single spine, blunt at apex, on left side at entrance to bursa, attached basally to an oval sclerite with two horizontal rod-like appendages. Described from one female taken at Fort Portal, Uganda, by H. Hargreaves (20 October 1926) Brit. Mus. 1948-549. Type in British Museum. Ballomarius is dis- tinguished by the shape of the head and pronotum, and by the venation and the relatively short clavus. All the species assigned to this genus are either Oriental or African. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 131 Ballomarius inermis sp. n. (Fie. 89) Female: length, 3-6 mm. ; legmen, 5-9 mm. Testaceous marked with fuscous as in B. bilobatus. Posterior margin of seventh abdominal sternite transverse or very broadly convex, ventral lobes of eighth abdominal segment broadly rounded at apex. Ovipositor with ventral lobes of first valvulae with inner margin straight, outer margin rounding distally into oblique apical margin; third valvulae fully 1-5 times longer than broad, incurved. Bursa copulatrix relatively small, unornamented ; vagina large, with stout walls, a V-shaped sclerite near entrance to bursa, devoid of any processes. Described from two females, one (Type) taken in the Gold Coast by A. E. Evans (1913) Brit. Mus. 1916-259, the other at Njala, Sierra Leone, by E. Hargreaves (8 December 1930) Brit. Mus. 1948-549. This species is readily distinguished from the foregoing by the characters of the abdomen and genitalia given. Type in British Museum. Li FIG. 89. Ballomarius inermis sp. n. a, posterior margin of pregenital sternite, lateroventral portions of eighth segment and ventral lobes of first valvulae of ovi- positor; b, sclerite at entrance to bursa copulatrix. FIG. 90. Ballomarius kawandanus sp. n. a, posterior margin of pregenital sternite and ventrolateral portions of eighth segment; b, sclerite at entrance to bursa copulatrix. Ballomarius kawandanus sp. n. (FiG. 90) Female: length, 3-5 mm. ; tegmen, 5-8 mm. Testaceous marked with fuscous as in B. bilobatus. Posterior margin of seventh abdominal sternite produced on median third in a rectangular lobe about five times as broad as long, with its distal margin slightly concave ; ventral lobes of eighth abdominal segment distally angulate at apex but not produced in a point. Subvaginal plate very broad, occupying the whole of the ventral portion of the intersegmental membrane, little sclerotized. Bursa copulatrix devoid of ornamentation, a single spine, slightly curved and blunt at apex, at its entrance, arising from a sclerotized semicircular plate. Described from one female collected at Kawanda, Uganda, by H. Hargreaves 132 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE (7 October 1939) Brit. Mus. 1948-549. Type in British Museum. This species is dis- tinguished from the preceding by the characters of the abdomen and genitalia given above. USANA Distant 1906. Usana Distant, Fauna Brit. Ind. Rhynch. 8:293. Orthotype, Usana lineolalis Distant. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (1-5:1), produced before eyes for about a third of their length, median carina distinct, prominent distally, disk not or scarcely depressed, anterior margin carinate, obtusely subangulately convex (about 130), a distinct triangular areolet, much calloused, at each latero-apical angle of head, lateral margins carinate, straight, slightly diverging basad, posterior margin broadly con- cave ; frons slightly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (about 1-2:1), widest part wider than base (1-6:1), basal margin truncate, median carina per- current, lateral margins carinate, straight, diverging to below level of antennae thence gradually incurved to suture, not at all foliate ; clypeus fully three-quarters of length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, rostrum with sub-apical segment shorter than apical, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli narrowly separated from eyes, eyes scarcely excavate but slightly sinuate beneath, not over- lapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately long, almost as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk broadly convex, posterior margin angulately excavate (115), median carina distinct, lateral carinae straight, each 1-4 times as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk not inclined anteroventraUy, a weak carina at margin between eye and tegula, ventral margin of lateral pronotal lobes slightly oblique ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, tegulae not carinate, pro-tibiae as long as pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina 3-2 times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 155 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork level with Cui fork, or slightly distad, M fork slightly basad of node, Cui fork slightly distad of union of claval veins, four small cells in Sc at margin distad of stigmal cell, seven areoles distad of these around apical margin ; clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. Wings with R simple, M two-branched, Cuia three-branched. Usana lineolalis Distant (FIG. 9 I) 1906. Usana lineolalis Distant, loc. cit. 1294. The figures are of Distant's type from Tenasserim. Usana is distinguished by the shape of the head and pronotum and by the tegminal venation. It differs from the neotropical Phypia Stal in the proportions and profile of the frons, in the shape of the eye, in the branching of M 1+2, and in the veinlets distad of the node. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 133 FIG. 91. Usana lineolalis Distant a, frons and clypeus; b, vertex and pronotum; c, head and pronotum in profile; d, tegmen. OPSIPLANON Fennah 1945. Opsiplanon Fennah, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 86:477. Orthotype, Opsiplanon ornatifrons Fennah. Head with eyes slightly narrower than pronotum. Vertex slightly declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (about 1-5:1), produced before eyes for about a third of their length, median carina present, prominent basally, disk not or very lightly depressed, anterior margin carinate, subrectangulately convex at apex, a small triangular areolet at each latero-apical angle of head, lateral margins carinate, straight or slightly concave, diverging basad, posterior margin shallowly excavate ; frons shallowly convex in profile, only slightly longer in middle line than broad, widest part not quite twice as wide as base, basal margin con vex- truncate, median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, foliate laterad distally, straight and diverging to below level of antennae, thence moderately incurved to suture ; clypeus as long as frons in middle line, medially and laterally carinate, slightly, tumid rostrum attaining post-trochanters, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli narrowly separated from eyes, eyes excavate beneath, not overlapping prono- tum. Pronotum moderately short, not as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk convex, posterior margin angulately excavate (115), median carina distinct, lateral carinae of disk straight or slightly convex, each 1-5 times as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk not inclined antero- ventrally, three supernumerary carinae on each side behind eyes, two carinae at each lateral margin between eye and tegula, ventral margin of lateral pronotal lobes oblique ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina about 2-9 times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 155 at apex of clavus, Sc+R+M fork about two-ninths from base, Sc+R fork near stigma, M fork at level of node, Cui fork level with union of claval veins, stigmal cell small, quadrate, eight areoles along apical 134 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE margin distad of it ; clavus terminating distinctly distad of middle of tegmen. Wings with R simple, M two-branched, Cui three-branched. Ventral lobes of first valvulae of ovipositor almost as broad as long, apical margin rounded or oblique, dentate ; third valvulae quadrate, produced into a short lobe at ventral end of apical margin. Opsiplanon ornatifrons Fennah (FiG. 92) 1945. Opsiplanon ornatifrons Fennah, loc. cit. 1477. FIG. 92. Opsiplanon ornatifrons Fennah. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, tegmen ; d, apex of wing. The figures are of the type species. In the original description it was stated that Sc and R separated one-seventh from the base. This should be emended as given above. Opsiplanon is distinguished by the carination of the vertex, the proportions of the frons and clypeus, and by the tegminal venation. Its two species, ornatifrons Fenn. and nemorosus Fenn., are structurally very similar ; it is possible that the prominent luteous spots along the sides of the veins in the corium represent a generic character. The genus occurs in Trinidad but not in the Lesser Antilles. PARARGELEUSA gen. n. Head with eyes a little narrower than pronotum. Vertex not or only slightly de- clivous, broader across base than long in middle line (1-2:1), produced before eyes for half their length, median carina distinct throughout, disk only slightly depressed between median carina and margins, anterior margin carinate, subrectangulately convex, a relatively large triangular areolet at each latero-apical margin of head, lateral margins straight, carinate, diverging basad, posterior margin excavate, truncate behind disk ; frons slightly convex in profile, as broad as long in middle line, widest part wider than base (1-7:1), basal margin shallowly convex, median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, not foliate distally, sinuately expanding to HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 135 below level of antennae thence markedly incurved to suture, disk not depressed; clypeus fully three-quarters of length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression but slightly roofed over by eye, ocelli only narrowly separated from eyes, eyes excavated beneath, moderately overlapping pronotum. Pronotum short, not as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk truncate, posterior margin angulately excavate (120), median carina distinct, lateral carinae of disk straight, each nearly three times as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk markedly inclined antero- ventrally, lateral margins not carinate, ventral margin of lateral pronotal lobes oblique; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, pro-tibiae shorter than pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina about three times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of about 155 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork slightly distad of GUI fork, M forked about level with node, GUI fork about level with union of claval veins, about eight areoles around apical margin distad of stigmal cell ; clavus terminating at middle of tegmen. Type species, Parargeleusa trispinosa sp. n. Parargeleusa trispinosa sp. n. (FiG. 93) FIG. 93. Parargeleusa trispinosa gen. et sp. n. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head and pronotum in profile ; d, right half of female genitalia in ventral view ; e, third valvula of ovipositor ; /, vagina and bursa copulatrix. Female: length, 3-0 mm. ; tegmen, 3-1 mm. Testaceous to pale fuscous, disk of vertex and mesonotum rather more deeply infuscate. Tegmina translucent, yellowish-brown, three brown oblique spots in costal cell; stigma, apical areoles and distal half of subapical areoles infuscate, apical margin sometimes red. Wings smoky, margined with red. Seventh abdominal sternite of female with posterior margin slightly produced posteriorly in median third. Ventral lobes of eighth segment angulate at lower 136 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE margin. Ovipositor with ventral lobes of first valvulae straight on inner margin, oblique, rounding to apex on outer margin, apical margin coarsely dentate ; third valvulae quadrate, ventral margin straight, dorsal margin convex, apical margin produced in a convex lobe in its lower half. Bursa copulatrix beset uniformly with minute rings, not ornamented with sclerites, vagina relatively large, bearing two T-shaped sclerites and a small spine midway between them. Described from three females collected at Camp 2, 2,000 ft., Sabron, Cyclops Mts., Dutch New Guinea, by L. E. Cheeseman (1936) Brit Mus. 1936-271. Parargeleusa is distinguished by the shape of the head and pronotum and by the tegminal venation. It differs from Argeleusa in the characters given in the key, and from Cythna and Nephelia in the slope of the frontal disk and the absence of marginal carinae on the pronotum. ARGELEUSA Kirkaldy 1906. Argeleusa Kirkaldy, Bull. Hawaii. Sug. Ass. ent. Ser. 1 (9): 423. Haplotype, Argeleusa kurandae Kirkaldy. Head with eyes slightly narrower than pronotum. Vertex not or slightly declivous, as broad across base as long in middle line, produced before eyes for less than a quarter their length, median carina distinct, disk slightly depressed between median carina and margins, anterior margin carinate and calloused, acutely convex on its discal side, broadly convex along its junction with frons, a long triangular areolet, only shallowly depressed in middle, at each latero-apical angle of head, lateral margins carinate and more or less calloused, subparallel between eyes, posterior margin con- cave or angulately emarginate; frons slightly convex in profile, slightly longer in middle line than broad, widest part twice as wide as base, basal margin slightly concave, median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, scarcely foliate laterad distally, diverging straight or slightly concave to below level of antennae thence incurved to suture; clypeus about three-quarters of length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli contiguous with eyes, eyes flattened but not excavated beneath, only slightly overlapping pro- notum. Pronotum moderately short, about as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk broadly convex, posterior margin angulately excavate (115), median carina distinct, lateral carinae of disk straight or slightly convex, each about twice as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk not or only slightly inclined anteroventrally, an indication of three supernumerary carinae behind eyes, lateral margins carinate, ventral margin of lateral pronotal lobes oblique; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, pro-tibiae sub-equal to pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina about three times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of about 150 at apex of clavus, Sc+R forked at about same level as Cui and union of claval veins, M forked at level of node, veins prominent, granulate, eight areoles around apical margin distad of stigmal cell; clavus terminating distad of middle. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA Argeleusa kurandae Kirkaldy (Fie. 94) 1906. Argeleusa kurandae Kirkaldy, loc. cit. 1423. The figures are of a specimen in the British Museum. 137 FIG. 94. Argeleusa kurandae Kirkaldy. a, vertex and pronotum ; b, head in profile. EPIUSANA gen. n. Head with eyes rather narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (1-2:1), produced before eyes for about three- eighths of their length, median carina present throughout, anterior margin carinate, forming a slightly truncated angle of 90 at apex, lateral margins straight, diverging basad, posterior margin subtruncate or very shallowly concave, disk scarcely de- pressed, a distinct triangular areolet at each latero-apical angle of head ; frons slightly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (1-8 : i), widest part about 1-5 times width at base, median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, slightly convex to below level of antennae thence gradually incurved to suture, not foliate, disk not depressed; clypeus half as long as frons, medially and laterally carinate; rostrum short, scarcely surpassing mesotrochanters, subapical segment almost as long as apical ; antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli very narrowly separated from eyes, eyes excavate beneath, slightly overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moder- ately long, anterior margin of disk convex-truncate, posterior margin broadly con- cave, median carina present, lateral carinae of disk straight, each twice as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk moderately inclined anteroventrally, ventral margin of lateral lobes oblique; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum together, distinctly tricarinate, pro-tibiae about as long as pro-femora with trochanters. Tegmina three times as long as broad, Sc+R fork level with GUI fork, both about level with union of claval veins, M forked only very slightly basad of level of node, Mi +2 apparently forked at apical line of transverse veins, or close to it, five areoles in Sc and R at margin distad of stigmal cell, apical areoles shorter than sub-apical but markedly longer than broad ; clavus terminating at middle of tegmen or scarcely basad of middle. Type species, Epiusana rugiceps sp. n. ENTOM. i, i. s 138 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE Epiusana rugiceps sp. n. (Fie. 95) Female : length, 3-5 mm. ; legmen, 4-4 mm. Vertex with three longitudinal ridges in anterior half, one on each side of median carina. Pale yellow ; median carina and sublateral carinae of vertex and pronotum opaque yellowish-white, eyes testaceous ; a line on each side of median carina of vertex and a linear spot laterad of each sublateral carina of vertex black. Tegmina very pale yellowish-white with a trace of pale brown at apex of costal cell. FIG. 95. Epiusana rugiceps gen. et sp. n. a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head and pronotum in profile ; d, tegmen ; e, posterior margin of pregenital sternite; /, third valvula of ovipositor; g, apex of first valvula; h, second valvula, lateral view; i,j, k, dorsal, posterolateral, and lateral views of sclerite at entrance to bursa copulatrix. Anal segment of female as broad as long or broader, telson exceeding apical margin by half its length. Posterior margin of seventh abdominal sternite of female trans- verse-convex. Ovipositor with first valvulae bearing a single prominent spine at apex, a second three-quarters of length of preceding basad of it, a third spine, broader and smaller, equidistant basally ; second valvulae with dorsal margin horizontal, sclero- tized, terminating apically in a small deflexed point, ventral margin strongly convex ; third valvulae in profile subquadrate, ventral margin straight, apical margin sub- angulately convex, dorsal margin convex, a horizontal lobe dorsomesally. Bursa copulatrix uniformly covered with delicate rings, unarmed with sclerites ; a more or less hollow spine arising from an approximately semicircular sclerite near entrance to bursa. Described from one female collected on Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland, by S. A. Neave (23 February 1913) Brit. Mus. 1913-140. Type in Brit. Mus. This genus differs from Usana in the width of the pronotum behind the eyes (this being relatively shorter than HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 139 in Usana), in the proportions of the frons and clypeus, and in the shorter rostrum, as well as in the relative length of the clavus. It is also separated from Ballomarius by this last character, and by the position of the forks of M in the tegmen. It differs in less degree from Ballomarius in the shape of the pronotal disk and the ratio of its length to that of the frons, as well as in the shorter rostrum. It is not known whether the curious ridges on the vertex have more than specific value. As the hind legs are missing in the type, the condition of the post-tibial spine can only be surmised: it is unlikely that it differs from that in Usana and Ballomarius. PHENELIA Kirkaldy 1906. Phenelia Kirkaldy, Bull. Hawaii. Sug. Ass. ent. Ser. 1 (9): 41 7, 421. Haplotype, Phenelia elidipteroides Kirkaldy. Head with eyes a little narrower than pronotum. Vertex not or scarcely declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (1-3:1), produced before eyes for about a third of their length, median carina percurrent, prominent, disk slightly depressed, anterior margin carinate, acutely convex, forming an angle of about 70 at apex, anterior margin of head shallowly convex or subtruncate, a distinct triangular areolet at each latero-apical angle of head, lateral margins carinate, diverging basad, posterior margin broadly concave ; frons slightly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad, widest part twice as wide as base, basal margin slightly concave, median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, very slightly foliate distally, straight or slightly convex to below level of antennae, thence moderately incurved to suture ; clypeus three-quarters of length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli scarcely separated from eyes, eyes slightly overlapping pronotum . Pronotum short , shorter behind eyes than in middle line, anterior margin of disk convex-truncate, posterior margin angulately excavate (about 110), median carina distinct, lateral carinae straight or slightly sinuate, each 1-5 times as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk markedly inclined anteroventrally, a weak carina at lateral margin between eye and tegula, ventral margin of lateral pronotal lobes slightly oblique; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, pro-tibiae sub- equal to pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae unarmed or with a minute single spine basad of middle. Tegmina about three times as long as broad, not granulate, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of about 155 at apex of clavus, Sc-fR fork slightly distad of or about level with Cui fork, both nearly level with union of claval veins, M forked at level of node, eight areoles around apical margin distad of stigmal cell, three areoles markedly longer than broad, clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. I 4 o A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE Phenelia elidipteroides Kirkaldy (Fie. 96) 1906. Phenelia elidipteroides Kirkaldy, loc. cit. 1422. FIG. 96. Phenelia elidipteroides Kirkaldy. Vertex and pronotum. When he redefined the genus in 1907 Kirkaldy recognized two subgenera (here treated as genera). For his subgenus Phenelia he designated elidipteroides Kirk, as the type species. NEPHEUA Kirkaldy 1907. Nephelia Kirkaldy, Bull. Hawaii. Sug. A ss. ent. Ser. 8:117. Orthotype, Nephelia bicuneata Kirkaldy, loc. cit. -.117. Head with eyes rather narrower than pronotum. Vertex not or scarcely declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (1-3:1), produced before eyes for about a fifth of their length, median carina present, not prominent, disk scarcely depressed, anterior margin strongly convex, anterior margin of head more weakly so, a rather obscure triangular areolet at each latero-apical angle of head, lateral margins carinate, diverging basad, posterior margin broadly concave or subtruncate, frons slightly convex in profile, slightly longer in middle line than broad (1-1:1), widest part 1-9 times width at base, basal margin truncate or slightly excavate, median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, very slightly foliate laterad distally, straight or slightly convex to below level of antennae, thence incurved to suture, clypeus about three-quarters of length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, antennae sub- globose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli narrowly separated from eyes, eyes not or scarcely overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately short, about two-fifths of length of head in middle line, as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk subtruncate, posterior margin angulately excavate (120), median carina distinct, lateral carinae slightly concave, each about twice as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk moderately inclined antero- ventrally, two carinae, one feeble, at lateral margins between eyes and tegula, ventral margin of lateral pronotal lobes very slightly oblique ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, pro-tibiae slightly shorter than pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae armed with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina about three times as long as broad, not granulate, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of about 150 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork about level with GUI fork, both slightly distad of union of claval veins, M forked at level of node, seven or eight areoles, distinctly longer than broad, around apical margin distad of stigmal cell ; clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA Nephelia tristis Kirkaldy (Fie. 97) 1907. Nephelia tristis Kirkaldy, loc. cit. :HJ. 141 FIG. 97. Nephelia tristis Kirkaldy. a, irons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head and pronotum in profile ; d, tegmen. It is possible that the pair of pallid wedge-like markings, narrowly bordered with fuscous, in the costal cell, will prove to be generic characters : they are present in the two known species, bicuneata and tristis Kirk. The genus is at present known only from Fiji. The figures are of a topotype in the Bishop Museum, Honolulu. CALUNESIA Kirkaldy 1907. Callinesia Kirkaldy, Bull. Hawaii. Sug. Ass. ent. Ser. 3:n6, 118. Orthotype, Callinesia pulchra Kirkaldy. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex declivous, very slightly longer in middle line than broad across base, produced before eyes for about a quarter of their length, median carina present only in basal half, disk hollowed out, anterior margin carinate, convex-truncate in genotype, apparently angulately convex in other species, a triangular areolet at each latero-apical angle of head, lateral margins carinate, slightly foliate, subparallel (genotype) or diverging basad, posterior margin subtruncate or broadly concave; frons distinctly convex in profile, markedly in- curved to frontoclypeal suture throughout its width, longer in middle line than broad (1-1:1 genotype), widest part wider than base (approximately 2:1), basal margin truncate, median carina present basally, more or less obsolete distally, lateral margins carinate, diverging straight to below level of antennae thence incurved strongly to suture, slightly foliate distally ; suture distinctly impressed, clypeus two- thirds of length of frons, medially and laterally carinate, median carina rather broad or weak, rostrum with subapical segment as long as apical, reaching meso-trochanters, antennae relatively large, subglobose, not sunk in a depression but roofed over by eyes, ocelli touching eyes, eyes strongly excavate below, moderately overlapping pronotum. Pronotum short, not quite as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk convex-truncate, posterior margin angulately excavate (100), median carina distinct, lateral carinae straight or slightly concave, each twice as long I 4 2 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk distinctly inclined anteroventrally, two carinae at lateral margins between eye and tegula, ventral margin of lateral pronotal lobes slightly oblique ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, tegulae not carinate ; pro-tibiae equal to or slightly shorter than pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina 2-9 times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 150 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork about level with GUI fork, both distad of union of claval veins but basad of apex of clavus, M fork level with node, seven or eight areoles, longer than broad, distad of stigmal cell around apical margin ; clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. Wings with R simple, M two-branched, Cui three-branched. Callinesia pulchra Kirkaldy (Fie. 98) 1907. Callinesia pulchra Kirkaldy, loc. cit. :n8, pi. 9, fig. 17. FIG. 98. Callinesia pulchra Kirkaldy. a, irons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head and pronotum in profile ; d, tegmen. The figures are of a cotype in the British Museum. Callinesia is distinguished by the structure of the head and pronotum and by the tegminal venation. Kirkaldy included among the generic characters a black spot on the mesopleura. His four species, pulchra, ornata, venusta, and pusilla, are from Fiji. Melichar has transferred Paratangia fimbriolata Mel. to this genus. NECHO Jacobi 1910. Necho Jacobi, Wiss. Ergeb. Schwedischen Zool. Exped. Kilimanjaro- Meru 1905-1906, 12 (7) : 105. Orthotype, Necho naevius, ibid. : 105. Head with eyes narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (2:1), produced before eyes for about a third of their length, median carina present throughout, disk only slightly depressed, anterior HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 143 margin carinate, angulately convex at apex (140), a small triangular facet at each latero-apical angle of head, lateral margins carinate, straight, diverging basad, posterior margin broadly angulately excavate (140), frons slightly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (1-2:1) widest part twice as wide as base, basal margin convex-truncate, median carina percurrent, slightly thickened at base, disk not depressed but markedly incurved to suture, lateral margins carinate, straight and diverging to below level of antennae, thence moderately incurved to suture; suture impressed, clypeus two-fifths of length of frons in middle line, medially and laterally carinate, slightly tumid, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli distinctly separated from eyes, eyes not excavate beneath, or scarcely so, only slightly overlapping pronotum, if at all. Pronotum moderately short, not quite as long behind eyes as in middle line, anterior margin of disk broadly convex, posterior margin angulately excavate (130), median carina distinct, lateral carinae of disk straight, each 1-3 times as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk not or scarcely inclined anteroventrally, three supernumerary carinae on each side behind eyes, two carinae at each lateral margin between eye and tegula, ventral margins of lateral pronotal lobes oblique ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, pro-tibiae slightly shorter than pro-femora with tro- chanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina about two and a half times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 150 at apex of clavus, Sc obscure, apparently separated from R near base, M forked at level of node, GUI forked at level of union of claval veins ; stigmal cell longer than broad, eight areoles along apical margin distad of it ; clavus terminating at middle of tegmen. Necho may well be congeneric with Cnidus Stal ; it is also extremely close in super- ficial characters to the neotropical Opsiplanon. It apparently differs from the latter in the relatively shorter clypeus, the entire eyes, the relatively broader pronotal disk, the shape of the stigmal cell and the unbranched condition of Mi +2 before the apical line of transverse veins. The two species of Necho, naevius and marmoratus Jacobi, are known only from East Africa. MAGADHA Distant 1906. Magadha Distant, Fauna Brit. Ind. Rhynch. 3 : 290. Orthotype, Cixius flavisigna Walker. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (1-8: i), produced before eyes for a third of their length, median carina distinct basally, obsolete distally, disk markedly depressed, anterior margin carinate, angulately convex (about 120) at apex, a triangular areolet at each latero-apical angle of head, lateral margins carinate, slightly foliate, diverging basad, posterior margin broadly concave ; frons slightly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (1-5 : i), widest part almost twice as wide as base, basal margin truncate or slightly excavate, median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, slightly foliate laterad distally, sinuately diverging to below level of antennae thence gradually incurved to suture ; clypeus four-fifths of length of frons in middle line, medially and laterally carinate, rostrum with subapical segment distinctly shorter than apical (1:1-3), antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli separated 144 ^ from eyes, eyes not excavate, not or scarcely overlapping pronotum. Pronotum fairly long, a little shorter behind eyes than in middle line, anterior margin of disk convex-truncate, posterior margin subangulately excavate (about 115) median carina distinct, lateral carinae slightly convex, each twice as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk only slightly inclined antero- ventrally, lateral margins carinate between eye and tegula, ventral margins of lateral pronotal lobes markedly oblique; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, anterior third of disk minutely granulate, pro-tibiae shorter than pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine about one quarter from base. Tegmina about 3-2 times as long as wide, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 155 at apex of clavus, Sc-fR fork level with Cui fork, both almost level with union of claval veins, M fork level with node, eight areoles around apical margin distad of stigmal cell; clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. Wings with R two-branched, M two-branched, Cui three-branched. Magadha flavisigna (Walker) 1851. Cixius flavisigna Walker, List Horn. Ins. Brit. Mus. 8:348. This species has the carinae of the vertex and pronotum a little less raised and the pronotum slightly longer than in nebulosa Dist. Magadha nebulosa Distant (Fie. 99) 1906. Magadha nebulosa Distant, Fauna Brit. Ind. Rhynch. 8:291. The figures are of Distant's holotype. FIG. 99. Magadha nebulosa Distant, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, head in profile ; d, tegmen ; e, apex of wing. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 145 KEMPIANA Muir 1922. Kempiana Muir, Rec. Indian Mus. 24:354. Orthotype, Kempiana maculata Muir. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex not declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (about 1-5:1), produced before eyes for two- fifths of their length, median carina absent, or only faintly indicated at base, disk hollowed out, anterior margin carinate, angulately convex (about 140) at apex, a minute to evanescent triangular areolet at each latero-apical angle of head, lateral margins carinate, subfoliate, moderately diverging basad, posterior margin angulately excavate (130) ; frons slightly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (1-5:1), widest part about twice as wide as base, basal margin truncate or slightly excavate, median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, slightly foliate obliquely distally, sinuately diverging to below level of antennae thence gradually incurved to suture ; clypeus two-thirds of length of frons in middle line, medially and laterally carinate, antennae subglobose, not sunk in a depression, ocelli large, touching eyes, eyes not or scarcely overlapping pronotum. Pronotum moderately short, shorter behind eyes than in middle line, anterior margin of disk convex, posterior margin rectangulately emarginate, median carina distinct, lateral carinae slightly convex, each twice as long as median carina, attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk only slightly inclined anteroventrally, lateral margins carinate between eye and tegula, ventral margins of lateral pronotal lobes oblique; mesonotum more than twice as long as vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, anterior third of disk minutely and evenly granulate, this area separated from posterior portion of disk by a transverse callus, lateral fields of mesonotum similarly granulate in part, tegulae carinate, pro-tibiae as long as pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. Tegmina 3-2 times as long as broad, costal margin distinctly convex in basal portion, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of 150 at apex of clavus, costal vein with the membrane forming a distinct costal area, Sc+R fork slightly basad of Cui fork, both scarcely distad of union of claval veins, M forked level with node, eight areoles around apical margin distad of stigmal cell ; clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. Kempiana maculata Muir (FlG. 100) 1922. Kempiana maculata Muir, loc. cit. 1354. The figures are of a specimen in the British Museum. Kempiana, as noted by Muir, is very close to Magadha. The type species differ in the proportions of the vertex and in the basal portion of the costal margin of the tegmina, both occur in the same geo- graphical region, and it is not impossible that intermediate forms will be discovered ENTOM. I, I. T I 4 6 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE FIG. 100. Kempiana maculata Muir. a, vertex, pronotum and anterior portion of mesonotum; b, head in profile; c, frons and clypeus; d, tegmen. CATONIA Uhler 1895. Catonia Uhler, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond.:6i. Logotype, Catonia intricata Uhler. Head with eyes distinctly narrower than pronotum. Vertex not or only slightly declivous, broader across base than long in middle line (genotype, 1-3:1), produced before eyes for a third of their length, median carina present on basal three-quarters, absent from apical quarter, disk hollowed, anterior margin carinate, rectangulately convex at apex, a prominent oblique triangular areolet at each latero-apical angle of head, lateral margins carinate, subfoliate, moderately diverging basad, posterior margin angulately excavate (no ), frons slightly convex in profile, longer in middle line than broad (i-i : i), widest part nearly three times as wide as base, basal margin slightly excavate, median carina percurrent, lateral margins carinate, distinctly foliate laterad distally, diverging to below level of antennae thence gradually in- curved to suture; clypeus as long as frons in middle line, medially and laterally carinate, rostrum with subapical joint longer than apical or subequal, antennae sub- globose, sunk in a depression, ocelli touching eyes, eyes minutely excavate, moderately overlapping pronotum. Pronotum short, shorter behind eyes than in middle line, anterior margin of disk truncate, posterior margin angulately excavate (120), median carina distinct, lateral carinae straight or slightly concave, each more than twice as long as median carina, scarcely attaining hind margin, pronotum laterad of disk strongly inclined anteroventrally, posterior third only moderately so, a more or less feeble indication of three supernumerary carinae behind eyes, two very obscure carinae at each lateral margin between eye and tegula, ventral margin of lateral pronotal lobes transverse ; mesonotum longer than vertex and pronotum combined, tricarinate, tegulae not carinate, pro-tibiae shorter than pro-femora with trochanters, post-tibiae with a single spine basad of middle. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 147 Tegmina three times as long as broad, costal margin slightly convex, sutural margin forming a re-entrant angle of about 150 at apex of clavus, Sc+R fork level with GUI fork, both only slightly distad of union of claval veins, M fork at level of node, nine areoles around apical margin distad of stigmal cell ; clavus terminating distad of middle of tegmen. Wings with R two-branched, M two-branched, Cui three- branched. Anal segment of female almost twice as broad as long, excluding anal style ; anal foramen large, anal style spatulate. Subvaginal plate quadrate, ventral and lateral margins sclerotized and pigmented. Ventral lobes of first valvulae approximately triangular, sometimes with a lobe attached laterally at base. Bursa copulatrix ornamented with sclerotized and unpigmented rings with walls of varying thickness according to species, each ring beset with a number of minute papillae. Egg ovoid, 1-8 times as long as wide, surface smooth, micropyle surrounded by a ring of finger-like processes of equal length and joined in pairs. The type species of Catonia Uhler has generally been accepted as nava Say on the basis of Van Duzee's 1917 designation. The earliest type fixation for this genus, how- ever, is apparently that of Van Duzee (Van Duzee, 1907) which is embodied under the genus Catonia Uhler (accompanied by a bibliographical citation) in the following sentence : ' All, including intricata, the type species, have a minute spine. . . . ' Catonia is the most widespread of West Indian Achilid genera, and has species in every island: as is evident from the specific differences it includes several distinct groups of species, each of which, when investigated more fully, may have to be recognized as a subgenus. For the present the writer recognizes two subgenera separated as follows: 1 (2) Vertex distinctly broader than long; greatest width of frons about 1-5 times width at base Pyren subgen. nov. 2 (i) Vertex about as long as broad ; greatest width of frons fully twice width at base ......... Catonia subgen. nov. The subgenus Catonia (type species C. intricata Uhler) includes species with a sclerotized plate on the wall of the bursa copulatrix and species without such a plate. In Pyren (type species Catonia saltator, described below) the bursa copulatrix is unarmed. Catonia intricata Uhler (FlG. 101) 1895. Catonia intricata Uhler, Proc. zooL Soc. Lond.:6i. Female: length, 4-1 mm. ; tegmen, 4-6 mm. Tegmina with Sc+R forking just basad of middle, Cui forking slightly distad of Sc+R fork, Cuib simple, its cell not divided. Wings with apical cell Ri with a stalk distad of R-M transverse vein. Fuscous, uniformly and minutely speckled testaceous or pallid, but dark colour predominant. Tegmina fuscous, speckled uniformly on corium ; a spot in costal cell at base, a broad interrupted obliquely transverse fascia from distal quarter of costal cell to apex of clavus, transverse line of cross-veins, tips of apical veins and an 148 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE arcuate band across distal three-quarters of apical cells but not attaining margin, base of clavus and a spot on commissural margin one-third from apex, pale or trans- lucent testaceous. Abdomen with a short transverse pale bar medially in anterior half of sixth sternite, this bar not at all triangular. Ovipositor with ventral lobes rhomboidal with distal angle in ventral view narrow, mesal margin convex in distal half ; no accessory lobate expansions laterally at base ; FIG. 101. Catonia intricate, Uhler. a, vertex and pronotum ; b, head in profile ; c, ventral lobe of first valvula of ovipositor ; d, subvaginal plate. disk auriculate, with a deep curved hollow suggestive of a perforation. Subvaginal plate 1:3 times as high as broad across base, lateral margins parallel in ventral portion, diverging markedly dorsad, transverse pigmented area occupying ventral third of plate. Described from two females collected by the writer in mountain forest near Three Rivers, St. Vincent, B.W.I. (3 September 1941) resting on an aroid and Cordia sp. respectively. This species is readily distinguished from sancti-vincenti (below) by the more uniformly speckled and much darker mesonotum and by the absence of pallid bands on the legs ; it differs markedly in size and in the female genitalia. Figures a, b, and c are of Uhler's female holotype. Catonia sancti-vincenti sp. n. (FIG. 102) Male: length, 3-2 mm. ; tegmen, 3-3 mm. Female: length, 4-0 mm. ; tegmen, 4-1 mm. Sc+R forking slightly more than two-fifths from base, Cu forking slightly distad of Sc-j-R fork, Cuib simple, but cell Cuib sometimes traversed by one or more veins at right angles to margin. Wing with cell Ri with a distinct stalk before trans- verse vein. Dull brown mottled creamy-testaceous; a median ochraceous line, or triangle, ventrally on sixth abdominal segment. Tegmina with a tinge of red at apex of costal cell, and on Sc-f R, M, and Cu. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 149 Anal segment of male in dorsal view subquadrate, anal foramen situated in distal half, apical margin deflexed, asymmetrical, with a lobe on right side. Phallobase with two expanding and flattened lobes dorsally, ventrally with a stout curved sclerotized bar on either side of middle line, each bifurcate in distal third. Aedeagal appendages unequal, the shorter abruptly narrowed into a spine at apex. Pygofer with medio- ventral process subquadrate, lateral margins slightly converging distally, apical FIG. 102. Catonia sancti-vincenti sp. n. a, irons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, anal segment of male ; d, medioventral process of pygofer and right genital style ; e, right genital style, lateral view ; /, phallobase, dorsal view ; g, same, ventral view ; h, phallic appen- dages ; i, subvaginal plate ; j, ventral lobe of first valvula ; k, egg. margin truncate-convex. Genital styles in side view expanding to near apex, ventral and apical margins meeting in a right angle ; dorsal margin with a pair of pointed lobes on an eminence three-quarters from base ; inner face near base with two small lobes and a long sinuate spine directed dorsally. Female with subvaginal plate longer than broad (about 1-3:1) quadrate, narrowly sclerotized laterally and slightly more broadly on ventral margin. Ventral lobe of first valvula about three times as long as broad, with margins subparallel, apex acute, ventral surface with a straight crease. 150 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE Described from four males and three females collected by the writer at 600 feet in mountain forest, Three Rivers settlement, St. Vincent, B.W.I. (1-6 September 1941). Type in U.S. National Museum. Catonia sanctae-luciae sp. n. (Fie. 103) FIG. 103. Catonia sanctae-luciae sp. n. a, anal segment of male ; b, medioventral process of pygofer ; c, right genital style ; d, phallobase, ventral view ; e, same dorsal view ; /, phallic appendages ; g, first valvula of ovipositor ; h, female gemtalia of right side ; ventral view ; i, third valvula ; j, rings on surface of bursa ; k, one of preceding, more highly magnified ; /, subvaginal plate ; m, spermatic tube (Spt), vas efferens (Ve), and basal end of vas deferens; n, testis (Tes), vas deferens (Vd), epidi- dymis (Ep.), vesicula seminalis (Vs), accessory gland (AcGl), and ductus ejaculatorius (Dej) (semidiagrammatic) ; o, apex of ovariole. Male: length, 2-7 mm. ; tegmen, 3-0 mm. Female: length 2-5 mm. ; tegmen 3-5 mm. Fuscous, speckled minutely with pallid spots ; pale areas producing alternate bands of light and dark on sides of clypeus, legs, and costal cell of tegmina. Eyes red. Wings smoky. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 151 Anal segment of male in dorsal view quadrate, apical margin shallowly excavate, smoothly deflexed through 90. Pygofer ring-like, an incurved lobe on each side in dorsal view; medioventral process quadrate, 1-3 times as long as wide. Phallobase comprising a pair of broad horizontal lobes dorsally, that on right side with a sclero- tized spine directed anteriorly, that on left with a small sclerotized knob ; ventrally a pair of broad sclerotized unequal lobes, each bifurcated into two spinose processes. Aedeagal appendages strap-like, the shorter minutely pointed at apex. Genital styles narrow basally, distally subquadrate in profile, with a pair of pointed lobes on dorsal margin at apical third and a longer curved vertical spine arising on inner face near base. Female with subvaginal plate subquadrate, about as long as broad across ventral margin. Ventral margin sclerotized, the sclerotic area extending inward for one-fifth of total length of plate ; lateral margins concave, broadly sclerotized in lower half, narrowly sclerotized elsewhere. Ventral lobe of first valvulae elongate-rhomboidal, with an ovate lobe, as large as ventral lobe itself, attached on outer margin at its basal junction with body, surface of ventral lobe devoid of a crease. Bursa copulatrix ornamented with a close pattern of thick non-sclerotized rings. Described from thirty-one males and twenty-nine females collected by the writer at Morne Lezard, Choiseul (14 May 1939), and in dry mountain forest on Morne Fortunee, Castries, St. Lucia, B.W.I. (September 1938, 18 August 1945, and on various dates between these). This species is distinguished in the male by the shape of the anal segment, the genital styles, and the phallobase and in the female by that of the subvaginal plate and of the ventral lobe of the first valvula and its attached lobe. Catonia mitrata sp. n. (FiG. 104) Male: length, 3-2 mm. ; tegmen, 3-1 mm. Female: length, 3-4 mm. ; tegmen, 3-7 mm. Vertex as broad across base as long in middle line, lateral margins very strongly raised, median carina present in basal two-thirds: frons at widest part 2-5 times as broad as at base. Tegmina with Sc+R forked two-fifths from base, Cuib simple, cell Cuib not divided distad of transverse vein. Wings with cell Ri with a distinct stalk before transverse vein. Fuscous, uniformly speckled testaceous. Frons with lateral margins interrupted with about eight round testaceous spots; vertex with a Y-shaped pallid mark in middle line anteriorly with a short pale stripe on each side ; a pale band across basal third of all tibiae and across middle of pro-femora. Tegmina pale fuscous, darker near stigma and in an oblique suffusion across middle of corium from basal quarter of costa to apex of anterior claval vein and thence to commissural margin, veins narrowly margined fuscous, interrupted with pallid spots. Anal segment of male in dorsal view bilaterally symmetrical, lateral margins straight, parallel. Phallobase with two broad horizontal lobes dorsally, that of right side produced into a recurved pointed lobe at each apical angle, that of left into a single-pointed lobe directed obliquely laterad ; ventrally a pair of T-shaped sclerotized 152 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE limbs, each end of the transverse arm tapering to a point ; aedeagal appendages strap- like, unequal, the shorter not pointed at apex, the longer dilated into a knob distally. Genital styles in profile narrow in basal portion, subquadrate distally, with two short pointed lobes on an eminence on dorsal margin, a long curved spine arising on inner face near base ; near this, on dorsal margin, a short finger-like lobe. Pygofer with medioventral process quadrate. FIG. 104. Catonia mitrata sp. n. a, irons and clypeus ; b, vertex and pronotum ; c, anal segment of male ; d, phallobase, dorsa Iview ; e, same, ventral view ; /, apex of phallic appendages ; g, medioventral process of pygofer ; h, left genital style ; i, ventral lobe of first valvula of ovipositor ; j, subvaginal plate. Subvaginal plate quadrate, as broad along ventral margin as long, ventral margin and a broad band extending inward for one-third of total length of plate only moder- ately sclerotized and pigmented, lateral margins narrowly but heavily sclerotized and pigmented, dorsal margin only slightly less so. Ventral lobe of first valvula sub- triangular, outer margin longer than inner, basal margin convex ; a wide transverse lenticular excavation in basal quarter. Described from three males and ten females collected by the writer at 800 ft. in mountain forest, Saltoun, Dominica, B.W.I. (5-11 June 1940). This species is readily distinguished by the proportions of the vertex and frons, by the coloration, and by the details of the genitalia in both sexes. Catonia antiguana sp. n. (Fie. 105) Male: length, 2-7 mm. ; tegmen, 3-0 mm. Vertex broader across base than long in middle (1-2 : i). Tegmina with Sc-j-R fork- ing two-thirds from base, R almost anastomosing with M at M fork, GUI forking HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 153 about middle of legmen, ten apical areoles. Wings with cell Ri with a short stalk before R-M cross-vein, M2 branched, Cuia branched, Cuib simple. Testaceous-fuscous, coarsely mottled stramineous. Tegmina with anterior half of costal cell pallid, mottled with pale spots; veins pale, corium slightly infuscate, speckled pallid, membrane fuscous, distinctly darker inside apical margin, veins pallid, the apical series distinctly interrupted with fuscous at middle. Wings fuscous. FIG. 105. Catonia antiguana sp. n. , vertex, pronotum and mesonotum ; b, medioventral process of pygofer ; c, left genital style ; d, aedeagus, dorsal view ; e, ventral view of apical portion of left half of aedeagus ; /, phallic appendages at apex. Anal segment in dorsal view broadest about one-quarter from base, margins con- verging distally to rounded apex. Pygofer with medioventral process subquad- rangular, distal margin slightly excavate. Genital styles with ventral margin convex proximally and distally, concave in middle, apical margin obliquely truncate, dorsal margin with a pair of subspinose processes set on an eminence two-thirds from base, a long angulate finger-like process on inner face near base directed dorso-medially. Phallobase with a subspatulate lobe on each side dorsally, directed posteriorly, with an oblique sclerotized plate on each side of middle line in ventral half : each plate with a minute tooth directed mesad on dorsal margin and three long sinuate spines on ventral margin, the basal and distal directed antero-laterad, the middle directed anteriorly. Described from one male collected by the writer in coast scrubland at Yepton's, Antigua, B.W.I. (21 November 1945). Catonia major sp. n. k(FiG. 106) Male: length, 3-7 mm. ; tegmen, 3-8 mm. Female: length, 4-0 mm. ; tegmen, 4-3 mm. Sc+R forking two-fifths from base, Cu forking at about same level, Cuib branched at apex, cell Ri in wing with a short stalk before transverse vein. ENTOM. i, i. u 154 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE Brown to fuscous-piceous ; frons, genae, vertex, prothorax, and pleurites of thorax heavily speckled testaceous or ivory ; mesonotum infuscate on anterior margin, with a pale well-defined subquadrate area, broader than long, on disk ; remainder of disk, except basal margin, fuscous to piceous ; lateral fields of mesonotum marbled pallid fuscous. Tegmina fuscous to piceous; costal cell pallid, traversed by 7-10 oblique piceous bands, three of which are broad: cell Sc and R and anterior half of cell M and vein Cu for a short distance basad of fork, a narrow triangle broadest at node and attaining apex of clavus, apex of longitudinal veins and transverse veins of membrane, pallid ; all longitudinal veins with pallid speckling on each side : membrane fuscous. FIG. 1 06. Catonia major sp. n. a, left genital style ; b, medioventral process of pygofer ; c, aedeagus, left side ; d, same, ventral viefr ; e, phallic appendages at apex ; /, apex of one of phallic appendages in profile ; g, anal segment of male ; h, subvaginal plate. Anal segment of male in dorsal view about as broad as long, excavate at apex, with a small lobe on each side one-third from base. Pygofer with medioventral process notched on apical margin. Phallobase in dorsal view with a pair of flat lobes, each with inner margin almost straight, outer margin convex, distally ending in a point ; ventro- laterally, an oblique sclerotized plate on each side with six small recurved teeth and one recurved spine on dorsal margin, three long spines laterally, the basal spine sinuate, directed dorsad, the second directed laterad and bent cephalad in its apical third, the third arising near base and curving upward, then downward and mesad, crossing the middle line. Aedeagal appendages unequal. Genital styles with ventral margin sinuate, apical margin very oblique, dorsal eminence prominent, with two lobes ; a long vertical spine arising on inner face of style near base, directed mesad. Female with subvaginal plate longer on ventral than on dorsal margin (2:1), lateral margins oblique, strongly excavated near dorsal end. Lobe of first valvulae bluntly triangular, as broad across base as long, devoid of a lobate expansion at base. Described from one male taken by the writer in Christian Valley, Antigua, B.W.I. (2 April 1944), and one female taken at Yepton's, Antigua, onMalpighia (10 December 1945). HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 155 Catonia digitalis sp. n. (Fie. 107) Female : length, 4-5 mm. ; legmen, 4-8 mm. Median length of vertex slightly less than width across base. Reddish-brown to fuscous, with head, thorax, and tegmina uniformly and evenly speckled with very minute pallid spots, legs not marked with pallid. Wings smoky brown. V FIG. 107. Catonia digitalis sp. n. a, anal segment of female ; b, first valvula of ovipositor, left side ; c, ventral lobe of first valvula ; d, third valvula ; e, subvaginal plate ; /, dorsal view of sclerites in wall of vagina ; g, egg ; h, processes at micropilar pole of egg (artificially drawn apart) ; i, ring on surface of bursa copula trix; j, vagina (Vg), spermatheca (Spt), bursa copu- latrix (Be), and lower portions of oviducts (Od) ; k, ornamentation on sclerite at entrance to bursa copulatrix. Subvaginal plate quadrate, about 1-4 times as long as broad across ventral margin, ventral margin strongly sclerotized, the sclerotized area extending inward for about a third of length, lateral margins sclerotized, dorsal margin weakly sclerotized. Ventral lobe of first valvula elongate-triangular, produced at base into a finger-like lobe on inner margin and two spatulate lobes on outer face ; a deep cleft between these lobes. Genital chamber with a sclerotized and pigmented ovate plate dorsally on right side. Bursa copulatrix with a subtriangular pigmented shagreen area at base, the minute spicules of this area conical, irregular, and of two sizes ; remainder of bursa copulatrix ornamented with delicate sclerotized rings, each with a narrow rim and minutely tuberculate on inner circumference. Described from two females collected by the writer at 1,000 ft. in mountain forest near Saltoun, Dominica, B.W.I. (June 1940). This species is very distinct, both on account of its size, sombre coloration, and ornamentation of the genitalia. In size, 156 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE in the presence of a deep cleft on the ventral lobe of the first valvulae, and in the deep sclerotized band along the ventral margin of the subvaginal plate this species would appear to be most nearly related to Catonia intricata Uhl. from St. Vincent. Catonia dominicana sp. n. (Fio. 108) Male: length, 3-5 mm. ; tegmen, 3-8 mm. Sc+R forking just basad of middle of tegmen, Cu forking more distad, Cuib simple to apex ; cell Cuib not divided. Wings with cell Ri with a very short stalk beyond transverse vein. FIG. 108. Catonia dominicana sp. n. a, anal segment of male ; b, medioventral process of pygofer ; c, left genital style ; d, aedeagus, dorsal view ; e, same, ventral view ; /, phallic appendages at apex. Pale fuscous, so heavily speckled with pale spots as to appear testaceous ; clypeus wholly pale anteriorly ; pro- and meso-tibiae with a broad pallid band across middle. Tegmina yellowish-brown, translucent, fuscous on membrane distad of stigma and in a subapical band interrupted by apical veins. Anal segment of male bilaterally symmetrical, deflexed through 90 in distal half ; lateral margins parallel in basal half; anal foramen situated in distal half, apical margin strongly convex. Pygofer with two unequal lobes on each lateral margin; medioventral process subquadrate with lateral margins concave distally, apical margin broadly notched. Phallobase with a pair of unequal horizontal lobes dorsally, that of left side longer and provided on inner face towards apex with a sinuate spine directed laterad across middle line, apical margin of lobe produced into a short tooth at each end; lobe of right side three-quarters of length of preceding, with a short curved tooth near inner apical angle, apical margin sinuate-truncate ; ventrally a pair of sclerotized laminae each curved outward and forking in distal third, the limbs of each fork almost parallel, not diverging. Aedeagal appendages strap-like, the longer angulate one-third from base, the shorter pointed at apex. Genital styles in profile narrow basally, subquadrate in distal half, dorsal margin with a pair of spinose pro- HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 157 cesses on an eminence one-quarter from apex, the distal process stout, directed up- ward, the proximal process long, curved outward and downward, a long spine arising on inner face of style near base directed dorsally and curved mesally at tip. Described from one male taken by the writer at 1,000 ft. in mountain forest near Saltoun, Dominica, B.W.I. (18 June 1939), on Miconia sp. This species is the Domi- nican counterpart of C. sancti-vincenti, from which it differs very markedly in the shape of the anal segment, lobes and processes of the phallobase, aedeagal appendages, distal processes and basal spine of genital styles, lateral margins and medioventral process of pygofer. The extent of these differences can best be appreciated from the figures. Catonia montserratensis sp. n. (Fie. 109) Female: length, 3-0 mm. ; tegmen, 3-4 mm. Vertex broader across base than long in middle (1-2 : i). Tegmina with Sc+R fork- ing at middle of tegmen, Cu forking very slightly distad of middle, Cuib simple to apex. Wings with cell Ri not stalked beyond transverse vein. FIG. 109. Catonia montserratensis sp. n. a, anal segment of female, dorsal view ; b, ventral lobe of first valvula of ovipositor ; c, subvaginal plate ; d , orna- mentation on surface of bursa copulatrix ; e, apex of wing. Fuscous, heavily speckled testaceous; pronotum laterally pale on interareolar ridges; mesonotum almost uniformly fuscous, speckled ivory-testaceous; tibiae pallid basally, near middle, and distally. Tegmina semitransparent, testaceous; seven rounded spots along costal margin, stigma and elongate suffusions or rounded spots interrupting all longitudinal veins, fuscous, speckled pallid ; membrane with a faint arcuate suffusion just distad of transverse line and a fuscous band, interrupted by the apical veins, adjoining margin. Anal segment of female in dorsal view with anal style spatulate. Subvaginal plate subquadrate, not quite as broad along ventral margin as long, ventral margin sclerotized, the sclerotized band extending upward for a fifth of total length of plate ; lateral margins strongly but narrowly sclerotized, shallowly concave, dorsal margin not sclerotized. Ventral lobe of first valvulae short, inner and apical margin forming a single curve, outer margin straight, concave near apex, a prominent semicircular 158 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE lobe adjoining ventral lobe laterally at base. Bursa copulatrix ornamented with closely-set weakly-sclerotized rings. Described from one female collected by the writer at 1,300 ft. on Chances Mountain, Montserrat, B.W.I. (12 May 1940), in forest. This species is distinguished by the position of the Sc-f-R fork in the tegmen, the stalkless condition of cell Ri in the wing, by the shape of the anal style, subgenital plate, and ventral lobe of first valvulae. and by the coloration. The species is apparently endemic in Montserrat. Catonia sobrina (Fowler) (FlG. IIO) 1904. Helicoptera sobrina Fowler, Biol. cent.-Amer. Rhynch. Horn. I:io6, pi. n, fig. 14, a. Frons and clypeus infuscate ; a transverse band across middle of frons, three spots above and three spots or short oblique bars below it on each lateral margin, a spot J \ FIG. no. Catonia sobrina (Fowler). a, Irons and clypeus ; b, anal segment of male ; c, process on hind margin of pygofer dorsolaterally ; d, medioventral process of pygofer ; e, aedeagus dorsal view ; /, same in profile (semi-diagrammatic) ; g, right genital style ; h, sub- vaginal plate ; i, ventral lobe of first valvula of ovipositor ; j, sclerites in vagina. at base of median carina of clypeus and three spots on each margin pallid; areas between marginal spots of frons piceous-fuscous. Anal segment of male longer than broad (1-4:1), foramen in distal half. Pygofer HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 159 produced on each side into a moderately long process decurved at apex ; medioventral process comparatively long, bifid in distal half with each limb curved. Genital styles narrow basally, in profile ventral margin convex, apical margin broadly rounded, dorsal margin excavate in apical half with a broad vertical plate directed dorsad, its upper angles pointed or spinose. Aedeagus in lateral and dorsal views as figured. Subgenital plate of female trapezoidal, ventral margin less than twice height in middle, sides straight. Ventral lobes of first valvulae sinuate on inner margin, broadly rounded apically, outer margin oblique, a depression near middle of lobe bounded basally by an arcuate rim. Bursa copulatrix ornamented at its inner end with a large ovate sclerotized plate beset with short spines directed obliquely mesad, the spines in the vaginad third much longer than the remainder ; general surface of bursa beset uniformly with minute rings ; vagina not armed with sclerites. This supplementary description is based on the type and closely corresponding paratypes. The various species in the British Museum standing under Helicoptera sobrina in the Biologia series may readily be separated by the colour-pattern of the frons and clypeus. Catonia albidovariegata (Fowler) (FlG. Ill) 1904. Helicoptera sobrina var. albidovariegata Fowler, Biol. cent.-Amer. Rhynch. Horn. l:ioy. FIG. in. Catonia albidovariegata (Fowler). a, frons and clypeus ; b, vertex, pronotum, and mesonotum. Female: length, 4-5 mm. ; tegmen, 5-0 mm. Fuscous; latero-apical areolets, distal half of vertex, a spot in middle of each lateral margin of vertex, a pair of triangular areas on posterior half of pronotal disk, two small round spots on pronotum behind eye and a larger spot on lateral marginal carina, tegulae, and mesonotum near tegulae and posterior margin of mesonotum, pallid ; a spot on each side of median carina at middle of disk and a small spot behind it near scutellum testaceous ; frons orange-fawn in basal two-thirds, a broad band, with basal margin correspondingly parallel to the sinuate fronto-clypeal suture, distinctly darker, a transverse ovate area in its middle paler, lateral margins with eight fuscous- i6o A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE piceous spots, distally extending slightly mesad to form short bars ; clypeus rather pale with two dark spots on each margin. This supplementary description is based on one female collected by Champion at 5,000 ft., Panajachel, Guatemala, and one between 2,000 and 3,000 ft. on Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama. Catonia chiriquensis (Fowler) (Fie. 112) 1904. Helicoptera chiriquensis (pars) Fowler, Biol. cent.-Amer. Rhynch. Horn. 1:107, pi. n, fig. 1 6, a. Male: length, 4-0 mm. ; tegmen, 4-3 mm. Female: length, 4-2 mm. ; tegmen, 4-9 mm. Frons and clypeus pallid yellow or ochraceous ; a small spot in each latero-apical facet on vertex, about nine small spots along each lateral margin of frons, a spot on fronto-clypeal suture at margin, margins of clypeus except near base and for a little distance mesad, fuscous-piceous. FIG. 112. Catonia chiriquensis (Fowler). a, rons and clypeus ; b, bursa copulatrix ; c, anal segment of male ; d , aedeagus, lateral view ; e, same, dorsal view ; /, phallic appendages at apex ; g, right genital style ; h, medioventral process of pygofer. Anal segment of male not twice as long as broad, rounded apically, anal foramen in distal half. Pygofer with each lateral margin produced into a moderately long lobe, tapering distally, rounded at apex, medioventral process about 1-5 times as long as HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 161 broad across base, bifid distally, each limb slightly incurved. Genital styles in profile narrow basally, ventral margin straight, apical margin rounded, dorsal margin concave, with a large subtriangular vertical process tapering to a point at apex with a second curved spinose process adjoining at a lower level. Phallobase bilaterally symmetrical, armed as shown in figures. Bursa copulatrix furnished at inner end with a large round pigmented sclerotized plate bearing many minute spines irregularly scattered, four to six of these spines near the lower end distinctly larger than the remainder, conspicuous but scarcely more than twice as long as broad at base ; general surface of bursa beset uniformly with minute rings. Vagina not furnished with sclerites. Described from one male taken at 1,700 ft., Pantaleon, Guatemala, one female between 800 and 1,500 ft. at Bugaba, and a second female (the type) between 2,500 ft. and 4,000 ft. on Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama, collected by Champion. Type in Brit. Mus. (N.H.). Catonia sancti-geronimi sp. n. (FiG. 113) 1904. Helicoptera sobrina (pars) Fowler, Biol. cent.-Amer. Rhynch. Horn. I:io6. Female: length, 3-9 mm. ; tegmen, 4-2 mm. Fuscous, spotted and marbled pallid ; frons and clypeus fuscous, carinae of latero- apical aerolets of head, eight spots or short oblique bars on lateral margins of frons, FIG. 113. Catonia sancti-geronimi sp. n. a, frons and clypeus ; b, bursa copulatrix (much of surface ornamentation omitted). a large spot at middle and a smaller near apex of median carina of frons, one or two small spots on distal third of disk, most of clypeus adjoining fronto-clypeal suture, a spot on median carina of clypeus at base and near apex, and a spot in middle of lateral margins of clypeus, pallid ; median carina of frons testaceous, apex of clypeus fuscous. Tegmina dull grey, alternated with fuscous along costal margin and on veins ; a spot between Cu2 and first claval vein at indentation of latter and a broad curved irregular band from stigmal cell to fork of Cuia, fuscous. ENTOM. i, i. x 162 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE Bursa copulatrix ornamented at its inner end with a large ovate sclerotized plate beset with short spines directed obliquely mesad, about a dozen spines in the vaginad quarter much longer than remainder ; general surface of bursa beset uniformly with minute rings ; vagina not armed. Described from one female taken by Champion at 3,000 ft., San Geronimo, Guatemala. Type in Brit. Mus. (N.H.). The species is distinguished by the markings on the frons and by the form of the spines on the sclerite in the bursa copulatrix. Catonia bugabae sp. n. (Fio. 114) 1904. Helicoptera sobrina (pars) Fowler, Biol. cent.-Amer. Rhynch. Horn. I:io6. Male : length, 4-0 mm. ; tegmen, 4-2 mm. Stramineous, marked testaceous-fuscous ; vertex stramineous with two testaceous- brown spots on each side, frons testaceous, carinae of latero-apical areolets, three spots on basal third of each lateral margin of frons, a moderately broad shallowly FIG. 114. Catonia bugabae sp. n. a, frons and clypeus; b, anal segment of male; c, aedeagus; d, phallic appendages at apex; e, right. genital style; ,medio- ventral process of pygofer ; g, dorsal view of spinose process at base of genital style. A-shaped band across frons near basal third, two spots on each margin and a short transverse bar across median carina distad, latero-apical fields of frons except for four spots on margin, pallid ; pronotum testaceous. Tegmina testaceous-brown, infuscate between apex of clavus and stigma, and in an irregular band from basal margin of clavus between R and Cu to Cuib at apex of clavus, costal cell pale. Wings smoky, veins concolorous. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 163 Anal segment of male about as broad as long, apical margin rectangulately incised. Pygofer with medio-ventral process bifid in apical portion, each limb much longer than broad at apex, moderately broad and slightly curved laterad at apex, so that distal margin is oblique. Genital styles in profile narrow basally, ventral margin convex, apical margin rounded, dorsal margin concave with a pair of broad tapering processes near middle, one directed anterodorsad at apex, the other mesad, a curved spine on inner face of styles near base. Phallobase as shown in figures. Described from one male labelled " Helicopter a sobrina Fowl. " taken by Champion between 800 and 1,500 ft. at Bugaba, Panama. This species bears a general resem- blance to Catonia pallidistigma Fennah from Trinidad, B.W.I., but differs in the mark- ings on the distal half of the frons. Catonia zunilana sp. n. (Fie. 115) 1904. Helicoptera sobrina (pars) Fowler, Biol. cent.-Amer. Rhynch. Horn. I:io6. Male: length, 4-0 mm. ; tegmen, 5-0 mm. Colour as in bugabae, but markings generally paler in holotype. Stramineous, mesonotum testaceous ; two clouds on disk of frons testaceous ; eight or nine spots on each lateral margin of frons, a spot in each latero-apical areolet of head, two on each lateral margin of vertex, and one in each depression of pronotum, FIG. 115. Catonia zunilana sp. n. a, frons ; b, medio-ventral process of pygofer ; c, aedeagus ; d, ventral view of distal processes on left side of aedeagus ; e, dorsal view of spinose process at base of genital style. fuscous, usually small. Tegmina cinereous, an area at stigma, and apical areoles infuscate, veins cinereous interrupted by transverse fuscous bars. Anal segment as in bugabae. Pygofer with medio-ventral process bifid in apical portion, each limb scarcely longer than broad at apex, apical margin of each trans- verse, or nearly so, exterior apical angle produced laterad. Genital styles generally as in bugabae, but spine on inner face near base (Fig. 115, e) much smaller and more slender than that in bugabae. Phallobase as shown in figures. Described from one male collected by Champion between 4,000 and 5,000 ft., Cerro 164 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE Zunil, Guatemala. This species is close to bugabae but differs in the lighter markings, in the shape of the medio-ventral process of the pygofer, of the spine near the base of the genital styles, and in the proportions and shape of the spines and process on the phallobase. Type in Brit. Mus. (N.H.). Catonia champion! sp. n. (Fie. 116) 1904. Helicoptera sobrina (pars) Fowler, Biol. cent.-Amer. Rhynch. Horn. I:io6. Male: length, 3-2 mm. ; tegmen, 3-8 mm. Female: length, 4-6 mm. ; tegmen, 5-1 mm. Testaceous, marked with fuscous ; frons testaceous darkening to fuscous at lateral margins, seven small spots or short transverse bars on lateral margins, a rhomboidal spot at middle of median carina and a triangular spot at its apex, pallid; clypeus FIG. 116. Catonia championi sp. n. a, frons and clypeus ; b, subvaginal plate ; c, anal segment of male and dorso-lateral lobes of pygofer ; d, medio-ventra process of pygofer ; e, right genital style ; /, aedeagus, dorsal view ; g, phallic appendages at apex. testaceous, an oblique bar adjoining each laterad third of fronto-clypeal suture, two spots at margins in apical half pallid ; pronotum fuscous-piceous, a pallid spot near each lateral carina of disk anteriorly and posteriorly. Anal segment of male fully as long as broad, apical margin sinuate, concave at middle. Pygofer produced on each side in a short broad lobe tapering distally, medio- ventral process deeply bifid in distal half, each limb almost three times as long as broad at apex, apical margin truncate-convex, outer apical angle slightly produced laterad. Genital styles similar to those of bugabae. Phallobase as shown in figures. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 165 Female with sub vaginal plate trapezoidal, dorsal margin two-thirds length of ventral, lateral margins oblique. Described from the following series collected by Champion: one male, 2,500- 4,000 ft., Volcan de Chiriqui; five females, 8,000 ft., Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; Cubilguitz, Vera Paz ; San Joaquin, Vera Paz ; San Juan, Vera Paz ; San Geronimo, Guatemala. Type in Brit. Mus. (N.H.). This species is distinguished by the markings on the frons, by the shape of the hind margin of the anal segment, and by that of the armature of the phallobase. Catonia muscosa sp. n. (Fie. 117) Male : length, 4-1 mm. ; tegmen, 4-5 mm. Brown to fuscous; two spots at anterior angles of vertex, two spots on median carina of frons, a series of spots along lateral margins, two spots on clypeus at fronto- clypeal suture, carina and parts of intercarinal spaces on pronotum, testaceous to pallid ; mesonotum fulvous. Tegmina with corium light brown, veins of corium and their lateral granulation nile-green, membrane fuscous, veins pallid with pale granules. Wings smoky, veins concolorous or darker. FIG. 117. Catonia muscosa sp. n. a, aedeagus, dorsal view ; b, same, lateral view ; c, phallic appendages at apex ; d, anal segment ; e, medio-ventral process of pygofer. Anal segment very short, slightly broader than long, mostly occupied by anal foramen, apical margin bisinuately excavate. Pygofer with medio-ventral process entire, about 1-5 times as long as broad at base, apical margin strongly convex. Phallobase as shown in figures, with paired shagreen tapering dorsal sclerites, and paired serrated ventral sclerites decurved in a reflexed point at apex; aedeagal appendages both tapering at apex to a slender point. Described from one male collected by G. A. Hudson at Kutari Sources, British Guiana (Jan.-Feb. 1936; Brit. Mus. 1936-360). Type in Brit. Mus. (N.H.). This species is distinguished by the green veins on the brown corium and by the shape of the anal segment, medio-ventral process on the pygofer, and the armature of the phallobase. 166 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE Catonia moraballi sp. n. (FiG. 118) Male: length, 3-0 mm. ; legmen, 4-5 mm. Testaceous and pallid green; vertex, except for two spots anteriorly and basal lateral angles, a suffusion on side of head above eyes, a series of about ten spots on each lateral margin of frons, distal half of clypeus, broad transverse bars on pro- and mesocoxae, femora and tibiae, and a narrow band near apex of post-tibiae, fuscous. Tegmina pallid yellowish-green, an oblique band across middle of clavus, another from middle of M to apex of clavus, a spot in cell R at level of M fork, distal portion of subapical cell Cuia and apical cells of Sc, R, and M fuscous. Veins of corium green all veins studded with pallid granules or short peg-like lateral outgrowths. Wings moderately infuscate, veins darker. FIG. 118. Catonia moraballi sp. n. a, aedeagus, dorsal view ; b, same, lateral view ; c, posterior margin of pygofer ; d, left genital style, ventral view. Anal segment short. Pygofer with medio-ventral process entire, about as long as broad at base, apical margin strongly convex. Phallobase as shown in figures, dorsal shagreened sclerites expanding distally to assume a subspatulate form, paired serrated ventral sclerites not decurved distally in a spine. Described from two males collected by the Oxford University Expedition at Moraballi Creek, Essequibo River, British Guiana (15-16 Sept. 1929; Brit. Mus. 1929-485; 18 Sept. 1929; Brit. Mus. 1929-485). Type and paratype in Brit. Mus. (N.H.). This species is evidently close to muscosa, but differs in coloration and in the shape of the armature of the phallobase. Catonia (Pyren) saltator sp. n. (FiG. 119) Male: length, 3-4 mm. ; tegmen, 4-0 mm. Female: length, 3-9 mm. ; tegmen, 4-0 mm. Vertex fully twice as broad as long in middle line; frons at widest part about 1-6 times width at base. Tegmina with nine apical areoles distad of stigma, apical areoles in M slightly longer than one-third of longest subapical areole in M. Yellowish-brown with paler speckling ; apex of clypeus, a spot on genae above eyes, a spot in each half of vertex, pronotum except carina, legs, and abdomen, fuscous, HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 167 mesonotum pale testaceous or fuscous, heavily speckled yellowish-brown and with a yellowish-brown area on each side of middle line anteriorly. Anal segment of male in dorsal view broad, tapering distally, broadly rounded at apex. Pygofer with medio-ventral process quadrate, produced laterad at distal angles, apical margin transverse, medially cleft. Phallobase suspended by a pair of S-shaped sclerotized rods ; dorsally hollowed out longitudinally, with a long triangular sclerite FIG. 119. Catonia (Pyreri) saltator sp. n. a, vertex and pronotum ; b, head and thorax in profile ; c, tegmen ; d, apex of wing ; e, egg ; /, aedeagus, dorsal view ; g, same, lateral view ; h, one of dorsal sclerites of aedeagus, dorsal view ; i, medio-ventral process of pygofer ; j, phallic appendages ; k, subvaginal plate ; /, first valvula of ovipositor, lateral view ; m, ventral lobe of first valvula. on each side of middle line, each sclerite subtriangular in profile and bearing two minute teeth and a stout spine ; phallobase ventro-laterally formed of a sclerite which is narrow basally and broadens distally to end in three spines ; mesad of this sclerite a more delicate lobe, rounded distally, with a short spine directed ventrally. Aedeagal appendages strap-like, unequal, both rounded at apex, a long slender membranous filament extending caudad between them. Genital styles narrow basally, distally expanded with a pair of pointed lobes on dorsal margin near middle and a long curved sub vertical spine arising on inner face near base. Female with subvaginal plate fully three times as broad as long, ventral margin 168 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE ACHILIDAE about 1-8 times as long as dorsal, lateral margins oblique and concave. Ventral lobes of first valvulae of ovipositor triangular in ventral view, each furnished with a sub- spinose limb which is separate except at base ; first valvulae with three small subequal teeth closely grouped on dorsal margin and a pair of longer but unequal spines distally. Bursa copulatrix uniformly beset with thin-walled rings, a subspatulate tract extending from near entrance for a third of circumference of bursa minutely shagreened. Described from 9 males and 12 females taken by the writer at 800 ft. in mountain forest near Sherwood Estate, Dominica, B.W.I. (17 June 1940). This species is distin- guished by the proportions of the head and the shape of the genitalia in the male and the ornamentation of the bursa copulatrix in the female. ADDENDUM ZATHAUMA Fennah 1949. Zathauma Fennah, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12) 8:605. Type-species, Zathauma cristatum Fennah. Zathauma runs to Phypia or Spino in the key to plectoderine genera, but differs from both in the markedly convex lateral discal pronotal carinae. REFERENCES DISTANT, W. L. 1906. Fauna Brit. Ind. Rhynch. 8:290. 1907. Rhynchotal Notes 41. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 19:277-295. 1912. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Oriental Homoptera. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 8:181-194. 1916. Fauna Brit. Ind. Rhynch. 6:63. 1917. The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905 under the Leadership of J. Stanley Gardiner, Rhynchota Part 2: Suborder Homoptera. Trans. Linn. Soc. Land. (Zool.) 17:277. DOZIER, H. L. 1936. A New Genus and Species of Fulgorid from Haiti (Homoptera: Fulgoridae). Amer. Mus. Novit. 845: 1-2. FENNAH, R. G. 1945. The Fulgoroidea or Lanternflies of Trinidad and Adjacent Parts of South America. Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 96:470-479. FOWLER, W. W. 1904. Biol. cent.-Amer. Rhynch. Homopt. l:no. GERSTECKER, C. E. A. 1895. t)ber einige bemerkenswerthe Fulgorinen der Greifswalder zoologischen Sammlung. Mitt. Naturw. Ver. Greifswald, 27 : 1-50. HAGLUND, C. J. E. 1899. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Insektenfauna von Kamerun. Ofvers. Vetensk. Akad. Fork. Stockh. 66:49-71. HAUPT, H. 1926. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Homopteren-Fauna der Philippinen. Philipp. J. Sci. 29:431-445- 1929- Neueinteilung der Homoptera Cicadina nach phylogenetisch zu wertenden Merk- malen. Zool. Jb. 68:173-286. JACOBI, A. 1910. Wiss. Ergeb. Schwedischen zool. Exped. Kilimanjaro-Meru 1905-1906. 12 (7): 97-136. 1928. Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910-1913. Homoptera I, Fulgoridae and Cercopidae. Ark. Zool. 19A (28) : 1-50. 1941. Die Zikadenfauna der Kleinen Sundainseln. Nach der Expeditionsausbeute von B. Rensch. Zool. Jb. 74:277-322. HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA 169 KIRKALDY, G. W. 1906. Leaf hoppers and their Natural Enemies. (Pt. IX) Leafhoppers (Hemip- tera.) Bull. Hawaii. Sug. Ass. ent. Ser. 1 (9): 271-479. 1907. Leafhoppers Supplement (Hemiptera). Bull. Hawaii. Sug. Ass. ent. Ser. 3:i-i86. MATSUMURA, S. 1914. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Fulgoriden Japans. Ann. hist.-nat. Mus. hung. 12:261-305. MELICHAR, L. 1903. Homopter en- Fauna von Ceylon : 1-248. 1908. Nove rody a druhy Homopter z vychodni Afriky. Acta Soc. ent. Bohem. 5 (i) : 1-15. METCALF, Z. P. 1938. The Fulgorina of Barro Colorado and Other Parts of Panama. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Haw. 82:277:423. 1948. General Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Smith College), 4 (10). Fulgoroidea, Achilidae: 1-85- MUIR, F. 1921. On Some Samoan Fulgorids (Homoptera). Proc. Hawaii, ent. Soc. 4:564-584. 1922. New Indian Homoptera. Rec. Indian Mus. 24:343-355. 1923. On the Classification of the Fulgoroidea (Homoptera). Proc. Hawaii, ent. Soc. 5 (2) : 205-247. 1924. On Some New and Little Known Australian Fulgoroidea (Homoptera). Mem. Qd. Mus. 8 (i): 29-36. 1927. Insects of Samoa, &c. (Brit.Mus. (N.H.)). 2 (i). Hemiptera, Fulgoroidea: 1-27. 1930. On the Classification of the Fulgoroidea. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 6:461-478. SPINOLA, M. 1839. Essai sur les Fulgorelles, sous-tribu de la tribu des Cicadaires, ordre des Rhyngotes. Ann. Soc. ent. France, 8:133-337. STAL, C. 1855. Hemiptera fran Kafferlandet. Ofvers. Vetensk. Akad. Fork. Stockh. 12: 89-100. 1856. Om Derbides med tre oceller. Ofvers. Vetensk. Akad. Fork. Stockh. 18:161-164. 1859. Novae quaedam Fulgorinorum formae speciesque insigniores. Berl. ent. Z. 3 : 3 13-327. 1862. Bidrag till Rio Janeiro-traktens Hemipterfauna 2. K. svenska Vetensk. Akad. HandL 3 (6): 1-75. 1866. Hemiptera Homoptera Latr. Hemiptera Africana 4:1-276. VAN DUZEE, E. P. 1908. Studies in North American Fulgoridae. Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, 1907:467-498. WALKER, F. 1851. List of Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, 2:261-636. 1858. Homoptera, in Saunders, W. W. : Insecta saundersiana: 1-117. 1870. Catalogue of the Homopterous Insects collected in the Indian Archipelago by Mr. A. R. Wallace with Descriptions of New Species. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.} 10 : 82- 193; 276-330. WHITE, F. BUCHANAN. 1879. List of the Hemiptera of New Zealand. Ent. mon. Mag. 15 : 217-220. PRESENTED INDEX OF GENERA Abas Fenn., 61. Achilla Hagl., 46. Achillus Amy. et Serv., 39. Achilus Kby., 39. Agandecca White, 83. Akotropis Mats., 95. Amblycratus Uhl., 81. Aneipo Kirk., 43. Apateson Fowl., 46. Aphypia Mel., 83. Argeleusa Kirk., 136. Aristyllis Kirk., 70. Ateson Mete., 44. Ballomarius Jac., 128. Ballonymus Jac., 95. Bathycephala Fenn., 113. Benella Kirk., 72. Betatropis Mats., 102. Booneta Dist., 40. Breddiniola Muir, 37. Breddiniolella Fenn., 37. Bunduica Jac., 43. Caffropyrrhyllis Fenn., 67. Calerda Sign., 54. Callichlamys Kirk., 98. Callinesia Kirk., 141. Caristianus Dist., 103. Catonia Fenn., 147. Catonia Uhl., 146. Catonidia Uhl., 42. Catonoides Mete., 77. Chroneba Stal, 88. Cionoderella Fenn., 107. Cionoderus Uhl., 81. Cixidia Fieb., 20. Clusivius Dist., 90. Cnidus Stal, 92. Cythna Kirk., 128. Deferunda Dist., 104. Diacira Stal, 44. Elidiptera Spin., 23. Epiptera Mete., 20. Epirama Mel., 114. Epiusana Fenn., 137. Errada Walk., 15. Eurynomeus Kirk., 120. Faventia Stal, 39. (Synonyms in italics) Faventilla Mete., 39. Flatachilus Fenn., 41. Francesca Kirk., no. Gordia Mel., 126. Gordiacea Mete., 126. Haitiana Doz., 118. Hamba Dist., 124. Helicoptera Amy. et Serv., 23. Hemiplectoderes Fenn., 62. Ilva Stal, 46. Issidius Put on, 4. Kardopocephalus Mete., 99. Katbergella Fenn., 32. Kawanda Fenn., 73. Kempiana Muir, 145. Kirbyana Dist., 4. Koloptera Mete., 97. Kosalya Dist., 72. Kurandella Fenn., 106. Lanuvia Stal, 74. Mabira Fenn., 33. Magadha Dist., 143. Mahuna Dist., 115. Majella Kirk., 104. Majellana Mete., 104. Melandeya Dist., 4. Messeis Mete., 57. Messeis Stal, 25. Messoides Mete., 19. Metaphradmon Fenn., 30. Mlanjella Fenn., 117. Momar Fenn., 58. Moraballia Fenn., in. Myconellus Fenn., 19. Myconus Stal, 17. Necho Jac., 142. Nelidia Stal, 40. Neomenocria Fenn., 23. Nephelia Kirk., 140. Okatropis Mats., 104. Opsiplanon Fenn., 133. Ouwea Dist., 42. Paracatonia Fenn., 78. Paraclusivius Fenn., 94. Paragandecca Fenn., 86. Parakosalya Dist., 91. Paraphradmon Fenn., 27. Parargeleusa Fenn., 134. Paratangia Mel., 100. Parelidiptera Fenn., 34. Phenelia Kirk., 139. Phrygia Stal, 65. Phypia Stal, 59. Fleet oderella Fenn., 56. Plectoderes Spin., 55. Plectoderoides Mats., 71. Plectoringa Fenn., 65. Pleroma Mel., 4. Prinoessa Fenn., 28. Prosagandecca Fenn., 85. Pseudhelicoptera Fowl., 121. Ptoleria Stal, 4. Pyren Fenn., 147. Pyrrhyllis Kirk., 54. Remosachilus Fenn., 122. Rhinocolura Fenn., 67. Rhotala Walk., 15. Rhotella Mete., 59. Rupex Fenn., 57. Salemina Kirk., 108. Sevia Stal, 44. Spendon Jac., 42. Spino Fenn., 58. Symplegadella Fenn., 63. Tabiana Jac., 115. Talaloa Dist., 4. Taloka Dist., 125. Tangina Mel., 89. Taractellus Mete., 4. Temesa Mel., 4. Tropiphlepsia Muir, 69. Tudea Dist., 43. Uniptera Ball, 36. Usana Dist., 132. Vekunta Dist., 4. Winawa Haupt., 70. Zathauma Fenn., 168. PRINTED IN - GREAT BRITAIN AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD BY CHARLES BATEY PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY I. 1 C.L-1 2 7 SEP 1950 OF THE A FAMILY CERACIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA TORTRICOIDEA) A. DIAKONOFF BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. i No. 2 LONDON : 1950 A REVISION OF THE FAMILY CERACIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA TORTRICOIDEA) BY A. DIAKONOFF Pp. 171-219; 34 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. i No. 2 LONDON : 1950 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is to be issued in five series, corresponding to the Departments of the Museum. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they be- come ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. I, No. 2, of the Entomological series. \ PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued July 1950 Price Ten shillings A REVISION OF THE FAMILY CERACIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICOIDEA) By A. DIAKONOFF SYNOPSIS The author proposes to re-establish Meyrick's family Ceracidae as an independent member of the superfamily Tortricoidea. From a study of a considerable amount of material the group is revised and a new genus, eight new species, and ten new subspecies are described. SEVERAL authors who dealt with the conspicuously coloured large moths of the genus Cerace and its allies were puzzled by their appearance and characters and could reach no agreement upon the true position of these insects within the Microlepidoptera. Consequently Walker and Moore, who were the first to recognize the true Tortricoid relationship of Cerace, put this genus in the family Tortricidae ; Snellen thought it to be a Tineid ; Meyrick regarded Cerace originally as belonging to Plutellidae, founded the family Ceracidae afterwards, but later on suppressed it again and placed Cerace, together with Pentacitrotus (which he regarded only as a synonym), in the Tortricidae. The latter genus was described by Butler as belonging to Lithosiidae ; Warren was of the same opinion. Later on Filipjev described the genus Eurydoxa as a Tortricid, of which Matsumura's Ceraceopsis is a new synonym. Originally the author shared Meyrick's opinion and regarded Cerace and Pentaci- trotus as belonging to the family Tortricidae but separated them in a subfamily, for which he proposed the name of Ceracidii. Further study convinced him, however, that this situation could not be maintained. In the present paper he proposes to re-establish Meyrick's family Ceracidae, which represents a very distinct, natural group of insects, being a quite independent member of the superfamily Tortricoidea. A considerable amount of material, which has been put at the author's disposal by the authorities of the British Museum (Natural History), supplemented by some specimens from the Leiden Museum and the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, from the collection of Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, and from the author's own collection, enabled him to revise the present group. A new genus, eight new species, and ten new subspecies are described. One species is re-established and one abandoned. Three species, viz. Cerace loxodes Meyrick and C. mesoclasta Meyrick, of which the types possibly are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and Eurydoxa advena Filipjev, of which the type is in the Museum of the Leningrad Academy of Sciences, could not be studied at present. The author is greatly obliged to the authorities of the British Museum, and of the Leiden and Paris Museums, for the loan of valuable material, and also to Mr. W. H. T. Tarns, British Museum, for his kind help and information, and also for the photographs of type specimens at that museum and to Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, Stroud, England, for valuable information on literature and for the loan of the material from his collection. 174 A REVISION OF THE FAMILY CERACIDAE KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF TORTRICOIDEA 1. Basal segment of antenna without pecten ....... 2 Basal segment of antenna with pecten . . . . MELANALOPHIDAE 2. Head smooth; flattened tuft on vertex encircling base of antennae which are approximated; eyes protruding; palpi porrect, little dilated, terminal segment very short . . . . . . . . . . CERACIDAE Head with appressed scales ; if rather smooth then palpi dilated posteriorly with rough projecting scales above and beneath or palpi long . . . .3 3. Fore wing with vein 2 from beyond f of cell .... PHALONIIDAE Fore wing mostly with vein 2 from before f of cell 1 . , . . .4 4. Hind wing with basal pecten of hairs on lower margin of cell . EUCOSMIDAE Hind wing mostly without such pecten 2 ....... 5 5. Fore wing with veins 8 and 9 stalked or coincident ; hind wing with vein 5 parallel, 6 and 7 stalked . . . . . . . CHLIDANOTIDAE Fore wing with veins 8 and 9 rarely stalked ; if thus, then hind wing with vein 5 approximated to 4 at base ....... TORTRICIDAE Family CERACIDAE (Meyrick) Tortricidae, Walker, 1863, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 28: 422. Moore, 1888, Descr. Lepid. Atkinson: 279. Meyrick, 1912, in Wagner, Lepid. Cat. 10: 15; 1913, in Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 140: 20 (Group B, pro parte). Lithosiidae, Butler, 1881, ///. Lepid. Heter. Brit. Mus. 5: 35. Warren, 1888, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. : 295. Lithosiinae (subfam.), Cotes & Swinhoe, 1889, Cat. Moths India: 733. Ceracinae (subfam.), Cotes & Swinhoe, 1889, Cat. Moths India: 699. Tineina, Snellen, 1903, Tijdschr. Ent. 46: 26. Plutellidae, Meyrick, 1907, /. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 17: 748. Ceracidae, Meyrick, 1908, Rec. Indian Mus. 2: 395. Ceracidii (subfam.), Diakonoff, 1939, Zool. Meded. 21: 128. Head smoothly scaled, face smooth, vertex in both sexes, especially in <, with a thick, smooth tuft of long hairs partially encircling the base of each antenna, flattened or separated in middle of vertex. Eyes considerably protruding. Ocelli moderate, posterior. Antenna -|, scape short and stout, with very short smooth scales, without pecten, scapes considerably approximated to each other on top of vertex in $, less distinctly so in $ ; flagellum slender, fasciculate-ciliate in <$, cilia curved, minutely pubescent in $. Proboscis short. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Labial palpi short, mostly stout, porrect or subascending, mostly somewhat curved, median segment thickened with scales, roughly projecting along lower edge, terminal seg- ment very short, obtuse, roughish. Thorax smoothly scaled, without crest, tegulae edged with rough, projecting scales. Abdomen rather long. Legs strong, smoothly scaled, inner posterior spurs long. Fore wing without costal fold in <$, elongate-ovate or elongate-truncate, often with a rectangular notch at apex on vein 7. All veins separate: ib furcate, furca mostly very long, 2 from beyond | to before f, 3 from angle, 3-5 remote, 6 more remote from 5, parallel, 6-8 more or less approximated 1 Except Crothaema Butler (Madagascar) and Mimeoclysia Diakonoff (Java). 2 Except Sparganothis Hiibner (Palae- and Nearctic) and allied genera. A REVISION OF THE FAMILY CERACIDAE 175 towards base, considerably diverging posteriorly, 7 to termen or apex, 10 remote from 9, ii from beyond ^ of cell; mostly two accessory cells developed: upper parting vein from half-way between 11 and 10 to between 9 and 8, to the base of 8, or to between 8 and 7; second parting vein straight from base of upper edge of cell to between 4 and 5. Hind wing f , without cubital pecten, broad, ovate, or subtrapezoid ; la simple, ib shortly furcate at base, ic partially weak, 2 from | to f of lower edge of cell, seldom 3 from angle and 4 approximate at base, mostly 3 and 4 connate from angle, or shortly stalked or 4 absent ; 5 approximate at base, 6 and 7 more or less closely approximate towards base or even coincident along basal , 8 separate, long, straight ; discoidal vein inwardly angulate, often obliterate in middle, parting vein mostly developed, to the middle of discoidal, furcate at distal end. Male genitalia with tegumen moderate, uncus long, pointed and hairy beneath distally, gnathos strong, hook-shaped, socii mostly large, drooping, bristly. Valva simple, semiovate or elongate-truncate, mostly densely bristled along harpe and cucullus. Aedoeagus curved and narrow, or straight and cylindrical ; cornuti some- times present: numerous spines. The 7th abdominal segment in female is mostly strongly sclerotized and its posterior edge is often deeply emarginate on the ventral side ; by this emargination the ostium becomes very wide and the ventral appendages of the anapophyses form a sclerotized transverse band above the ostium, and not, as usually is the case in the family Tortricidae, below the ostium. For this part in the latter family the author proposed the name of limen (= threshold), which seems to be less well chosen in the case of Ceracidae. However, this name is retained here, as this part is, without doubt, homologous with the limen in Tortricidae. The shape of this transverse band is useful for the separation of species; it acquires in the genus Pentacitrotus a considerable development; ostium funnel-shaped, signum mostly a moderate scobinate curved plate at the base of ductus bursae. The family is a natural group of multicoloured big moths of typical habitus. According to the venation they are related to the Tortricidae, but in other respects they differ so considerably from them that the separation into an independent family within the superfamily Tortricoidea seems necessary. The history of the family is mentioned above. The peculiar habitus of head with the bases of antennae approximated and en- circled by long hairs of the flattened tuft on vertex uniform obtuse scarcely dilated palpi, the large protruding eyes, the shape of fore wing, the colouring of hind wing and characteristic genital features show clearly enough that we have to do with a homogeneous and distinct off-shoot of the Tortricoid branch. Rather primitive genital structures, coupled with the bright colouring of both fore and hind wing and the smooth head can possibly be regarded as archaic features, pointing towards some ancestors common with Glyphipterygidae, while the 'simplified' neuration shows considerable specialization parallel with the higher but not the highest Tortricidae. Contrary to Meyrick's opinion, the present family has no connexion whatsoever with the highly developed Tortricid genus Zacorisca Meyrick and allies, of which the cJ genitalia are specialized in the extreme. Affinity with the South American Tortri- cid genus Atteria Walker and allies is probable ; in that case the latter group of genera may form the connexion between Ceracidae and Tortricidae. 176 A REVISION OF THE FAMILY CERACIDAE The life-history is known of only one species, Bathypluta triphaenella (Snellen), of which the larvae, injurious to the tea-plant and to the Cinchona-tree in Java, have been reared. Figures of these larvae were drawn on posters of the Institute for Plant Diseases, Buitenzorg. A description of the larval stages has never been published, however, and it is not possible for the author to obtain any material for study at present. Another species, Pentacitrotus quercivorus sp. nov. has been bred once from Quercus semicarpifolia in Himalaya. The family Ceracidae has a limited distribution (Fig. i) : it is typical for central Asia from Kashmir to Burma and from Bengal to Ussuri, China, Japan, and Formosa, with a single straggler in North Borneo and Java. There is little doubt that the family will also be found in Sumatra. The discrimination of the four genera mentioned below is easy and is based on constant characters, viz. shorter or longer furcation of vein ib, position of vein 7 in fore wing, and presence or absence of vein 4 in hind wing, supported by the habitus and the genital characters of the species. Pentacitrotus must be regarded as a primi- tive form from which Eurydoxa and Cerace may have developed, the latter genus being the most specialized one. The rather numerous species of Cerace may be arranged in order of the development of this genus, of which the most characteristic tendency is the formation of a notch in the margin of fore wing on vein 7 ; furthermore in a change of the shape of wing, which becomes narrower and longer, the length of terminal veins increasing accordingly, parallel with the extremely long furcation of vein ib. The genitalia show a development from a rather narrow, truncate little bristled valva with a thorn on the sacculus, towards a valva which is broad, densely bristled along cucullus and harpe, and has an unarmed sacculus. The arrangement here commences with tetraonis Butler as the primitive extreme and ends with sardias Meyrick, as the most specialized species, which shows a distinct relation with the fourth specialized and decadent genus Bathypluta, with small socii and atrophied signum. KEY TO THE GENERA OF CERACIDAE 1. Hind wing with vein 4 absent (seldom present, then distinctly stalked with 3). Socii small. Signum absent . . . . . Bathypluta Hind wing with vein 4 present, separate, or connate with 3. Socii moderate. Signum present ......... , . 2 2. Fore wing with apex rounded, indefinite, vein 7 to apex or costa, veins 9 and 10 distinctly converging posteriorly ...... Pentacitrotus Fore wing with apex rectangular or notched, vein 7 to termen, veins 9 and 10 parallel or slightly diverging posteriorly . ... . .3 3. Fore wing with vein ib furcate over not more than of its length Eurydoxa Fore wing with vein ib furcate over more than J of its length . . Cerace Genus PENTACITROTUS Butler Pentacitrotus Butler, 1881, ///. Lepid. Heter. Brit. Mus. 5: 35, pi. 86, fig. 5 (descr.). Warren, 1888: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 295. Diakonoff, 1939, Zool. Meded. 29: 132, figs. ID-G, 2D (descr. generic charact. and genitalia <$, $). Fig.l. DISTRIBUTION OF THE FAMILY CERACIDAE PENTACITROTUS C EURYDOXA CERACE C BATHYPLUTA FIG. i. Distribution of the family Ceracidae. I 7 8 A REVISION OF THE FAMILY CERACIDAE Cerace, Meyrick, 1912, in Wagner, Lepid. Cat. 10: 15; 1913, in Wytsman, Gen. Ins., 149: 20. Fletcher, 1929, Mem. Dep. Agric. India Ent. 11: 43. Type species: Pentacitrotus vulneratus Butler. Head (Fig. 2) smooth, a small, smooth tuft of scales on vertex, divided in middle, enveloping scape of each antenna ; scales of collar narrow, hair-like. Ocelli posterior. Proboscis short. Antenna , slender, scape short and stout, smoothly scaled, flagellum fasciculate ciliated in . A distinct species closely allied to guttana. Unfortunately the male of the latter is not known yet. The female genitalia of the present species and of guttana show very little difference, but this may be no objection for the separation of the present species. A long series of both species permits easy separation of the females. The differences may be summed up as follows : A REVISION OF THE FAMILY CERACIDAE guttana . xanthocosma Cilia of hind wing black around apex (from vein 8 or 7 to vein 5). Ground colour of hind wing bright golden- yellow. Markings of hind wing velvety jet-black. Bright yellow, with only a few very small dots around apex (on veins 8 and 7). Rather dull light yellowish-orange, mostly tinged ochreous. Dull greyish-black. Cerace guttana Felder Cevace guttana Felder, 1875, Reise 'Novara' Lepid. 2: pi. 139, fig. 51 ($). Cotes & Swinhoe, 1889, Cat. Moths. India, 699, No. 4769. Walsingham, 1900, in Swinhoe, Cat. Heter. Mus. Oxon.: 2: 565. Meyrick, 1912, in Wagner, Lepid. Cat. 10: 15; 1913, in Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 149: 20. Diakonoff, 1932, Zool. Meded. 21: 130-132 (erroneously regarded as conspecific with onustana Walker) ; 1941, Treubia 18: 29. $ 53-6o mm. (One specimen 42 mm. obviously a starveling.) Head white, tuft on vertex and around base of antennae black ; collar white, black above, except a white spot in middle. Antenna dark brownish-grey, from above light grey, with black bands, basal segment dark brown. Palpus black, basal segment and lower and apical edge of median white. Thorax purplish-black, anterior white spots large, oval, median triangular, fifth white patch on apex of mesothorax ; metathorax dark brown, lateral brushes yellow ; lateral half of patagium white, tegulae with an oblique broad white band. Abdomen bright yellow, each segment posteriorly with a broad transverse bluish-black band, gradually narrowed towards extremities; a row of elongate lateral bluish-black spots, anal tuft bright yellow. Legs yellow, basal bands of tibiae and tarsi except apical half of basal segment of median and posterior leg dark brown. Fore wing with ic furcate to beyond middle, parting veins present, upper to between veins 8 and 9. Narrowly elongate and broadest at f : costa abruptly strongly arched at base, faintly prominent before , somewhat concave before middle, distinctly prominent at f , faintly curved and oblique posteriorly, apex rounded, termen almost vertical above, strongly prominent between veins 7-4, straight and oblique beneath. Costa to cell and dorsum to fold bluish-black, disk elsewhere suffused with dark ferruginous-crimson, this area elongate-rhomboidal, broadest beyond middle of wing ; terminal blotch elongate, narrow, to vein ic, little narrowed beneath, yellow, tinged orange only between veins 7-6, with a pair of black dots above, white markings large and coarse : costal fasciae robust, round dots of different sizes, each horizontal row containing dots of almost the same size; a few leaden- metallic shining scales forming upper and lower edge of white dots in crimson suffu- sion and on terminal patch. Cilia black, yellow with round black dots around tornal patch. Hind wing with veins 3 and 4 mostly connate, seldom separate, veins 6 and 7 mostly shortly stalked, seldom connate, in one specimen separate and approximated towards base; ovate-subtrapezoid ; brightly golden-yellow, glossy, dark markings velvety jet-black; except in cell and a little beyond it the wing is covered with irregular rounded dots and blotches, sometimes connected with each other to form irre- gular bands perpendicular to veins, these markings longer and coarse on terminal area, finer, sometimes forming zigzag lines on anal area between veins ; parting vein some- times with a row of small dots on basal part ; seldom a small dark brown suffusion in FIGS. 23-25. Female genitalia of Cerace : 23. C. tetraonis Butler. 24. C. xanthocosma sp. n. 25. C. guttana Felder. 202 A REVISION OF THE FAMILY CERACIDAE apex. Cilia yellow, black between veins from 8 or 7 to 5, with black basal line con- tinued as far as vein 4 or 3, black dots on veins. 7th segment (Fig. 25) strongly sclerotized, ventrite deeply emarginate. Limen rather broad, curved, with a knob on each side. Ostium strong, broadly cup-shaped above, narrowed beneath and turned to the left, at that side emarginate and mem- braneous. Ductus bursae coiled, long. Bursa subspheroid. Signum a large, folded plate with rows of strong dentations on inner surface. (Gen. No. 574 D.) INDIA, Assam, Cherra Punji; Dibrugarh. Sikkim. viii-xi.i888, 1894, 1895. (Don- caster, Moller, E. F. Badgley.} n ?. Also recorded from Sylhet, Shillong (and Dar- jeeling in Sikkim). Type, in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Cerace guttana obscura subsp. nov. ?. Hind wing with markings more numerous, larger, more densely arranged, form- ing more or less continuous transverse black bands all over veins ; cell with small, more or less continuous markings, reaching to costa ; faint blackish suffusion between markings, especially before apex and upper part of termen. INDIA, Bengal (Type) ; Darjeeling (A. Desgodins, Russell). ISHIGAKI SIMA ISLAND, between Riu Kiu and Formosa, Yayeyama, ix-x.iSgG. 3 $ all in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). The specimen from Ishigaki Island has the apex of hind wing con- siderably suffused with blackish-grey. Cerace myriopa Meyrick Cerace myriopa Meyrick, 1922, Exot. Microlepid. 2: 497-498 ($). Cariadja, 1925, Anal. Acad. Romdne (3) 3: 375- $ 56 mm. Head white, tuft on vertex except base and edge of eyes purple-black. Antenna blackish, faintly ringed with whitish above (damaged). Palpus white, median segment except lower and apical edge purple-black, apical segment black. Abdomen yellowish white anteriorly, turning bright yellow towards apex, anal tuft yellow ; dark brown transverse dorsal bands on posterior halves of segments ; a row of lateral longitudinal streaks; ventral surface pale yellow posteriorly, whitish anteriorly. Legs pale yellow, anterior femur purple-black above, tibiae with purple- black apical bands, tarsi purple-black, apical half of basal segment and apical rings on other segments yellow. Fore wing with upper parting vein from half-way between n and 10 to base of 8. Very narrowly elongate, little dilated, broadest at f , costa abruptly strongly arched at base, straight beyond this, gently curved and prominent from beyond \ to beyond , concave before apex, rounded but considerably prominent, as the termen is deeply notched on vein 7, strongly rounded-prominent below this, faintly concave, extremely oblique beneath. Blackish-purple, suffused with black along costa ; markings white : numerous dense irregular oblique rather narrow costal streaks, some of them interrupted, others furcate or not reaching costal edge; numerous horizontal series of white dots, more or less confluent into almost con- tinuous white streaks posteriorly ; brick-red discal suffusion forming a streak in fold from before base to \, a broader streak in disk above middle from before base to A REVISION OF THE FAMILY CERACIDAE 203 before termen, very narrow posteriorly and a third narrow streak from middle of disk to terminal blotch along upper edge of cell and vein 6; white markings on crimson suffusion edged above and beneath with violet-leaden shining scales ; terminal blotch elongate, crimson, orange posteriorly, between veins 6 and 5 orange-yellow, below becoming interrupted into round pale yellow dots, which reach termen. Cilia black, with orange spots on veins 6-5, yellow spots on veins 4-2 and in tornus. Hind wing whitish, apical half suffused with pale yellow, brighter posteriorly; irregular greyish-brown transverse blotches, becoming black towards apex, scattered along termen and over anal area below cell, a row of round dots along costa and basal half of parting vein ; a pair of small dots between cell and termen, a series of such dots on apical and upper part of terminal edge of wing. Cilia yellow, paler on dorsum. 7th ventrite (Fig. 27) strongly sclerotized, with a narrow deep emargination posteriorly. Limen moderately broad, strongly curved, without knobs. Ostium a rather narrow deep cup, narrowed and turned to the left below, partially mem- braneous at that side. Ductus bursae coiled, rather long. Bursa copulatrix a folded dentate plate. (Gen. No. 575 D.) CHINA, Ichang, Chang- Yang, 4,000-6,000 ft., 1886 (Pratt), i specimen. Closely allied to guttana but immediately separable by whitish basal half of hind wing. Type specimen from Tse-Chuan (Szechuen) in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle at Paris. Cerace mesoclasta Meyrick Cerace mesoclasta Meyrick, 1908, Rec. Indian Mus. 2: 395 (?) ; 1912, in Wagner, Lepid. Cat. 10: 15; 1913, in. Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 149: 20. The author did not study this species. The original description is as follows: '$. 41 mm. Head white, collar purple-blackish edged with white. Palpi white, with a grey streak along upper edge of second joint except at apex, terminal joint grey. Antennae dark grey ringed with white. Thorax dark purple-fuscous, with five white spots, patagia edged with white. Abdomen blackish, segmental margins light ochreous-yellow, apex orange. Fore wings elongate, narrow, rather dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex very obtuse, termen rounded so as to project rather beyond apex; dark purple-fuscous, covered with rows of numerous small whitish spots between veins, towards costa united into transverse strigae which become larger towards base ; in the middle of disc these spots coalesce into a longitudinal streak ; an elongate orange spot on termen, extending from vein 2 to 6 ; cilia dark fuscous (imperfect) . Hind wings whitish ; a fuscous blotch suffusedly spotted with dark fuscous occupying apical fourth of wing ; a row of dark fuscous spots along costa ; about three rows of dark fuscous spots extending over dorsal area of wing from base to apical blotch, smaller towards base ; cilia white, round apical blotch mostly dark fuscous. ' Kurseong, E. Himalayas, at 5,000 ft., in May ; one specimen. Nearest C. stipatana, but easily known by the discal white streak, less extensive orange patch, spotted dorsal area of hind wings, and blackish-banded abdomen. In the specimens described veins 6 and 7 are short-stalked in one fore wing by an abnormality, the other wing being quite normal.' According to the colouring of the hind wing the present species may be allied to myriopa. The type is not in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Probably it is in the Indian Museum at Calcutta. ENTOM. i, 2. c c 204 A REVISION OF THE FAMILY CERACIDAE Cerace onustana Walker Cerace onustana Walker, 1863, List Lepid. Brit. Mus. 28: 423. Moore, 1867, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.: 668. Cotes & Swinhoe, 1889, Cat. Moths India: 699, No. 4770. Meyrick, 1912, in Wagner, Lepid. Cat. 10: 15; 1913, in Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 149: 20. Wisherd & Murrayama, 1929, Nat. Geogr. Mag. 56: 73, pi. 16, fig. 6. Matsumura, 1931, 6000 Illustr. Ins. Japan: 1067, fig. 2127 ($). Diakonoff, 1941, Treubia, 18: 30, pi. 3, fig. 3 (genit. $). Cerace guttana, Diakonoff (nee Felder), 1939 (ex errore), Zool. Meded. 21: 132. $ 39 mm. Head white, tuft on vertex and edge of eyes above black ; collar white, black above, except in middle. Antenna black, shaft white above except on base of segments. Palpus black, basal joint and apex of median white, lower edge of median mixed with whitish scales. Thorax purplish-black, somewhat mixed with white scales (damaged), two pairs of lateral white spots, a white spot on apex of mesothorax ; metathorax blackish with a yellow pencil of long hairs on each side. Abdomen orange-yellow, light yellow on ventral surface, ist tergite black, other tergites with an ovate large black spot in middle, spots increasing in size towards apex ; anal tuft black, a row of lateral spots and 8th segment with a pair of subapical latero-ventral spots. Legs yellow, knees and base of tibiae black, tarsi black, anterior basal segment with an apical yellow ring, median and posterior basal segments with apical half yellow. Fore wing with vein ib furcate along its basal half, upper parting vein to between veins 7 and 8, lower parting vein weak. Narrowly elongate, little dilated, broadest at f ; costa curved at base, straight in middle, slightly projecting at f, faintly concave before apex, apex rounded, termen vertical above, strongly obliquely projecting between veins 7-5, oblique and straight beneath. Purplish-black, turning jet-black posteriorly ; central part of disk narrower than ^ of wing breadth with a dark ferruginous-crimson suffusion narrowed beyond middle of wing, scarcely reaching terminal spot, with a short branch in fold from cell half-way towards wing edge and a shorter indistinct branch along base of vein 12 ; terminal spot small, orange, paler below, narrowed there and almost dissolved into a series of blotches ; markings white : costal streaks narrow, remote from each other, dots almost of the same size, in regular horizontal rows; some dots before middle of termen on and before terminal spot covered with shining violet-metallic scales. Cilia black mixed with white scales (damaged). Hind wing elongate-ovate, with veins 3 and 4 connate, 6 and 7 connate. Bright yellow, marginal half with sparse irregular jet-black dots and marks in two rows: larger posteriorly, smaller anteriorly; apical \ of wing with brownish-black suffusion, almost entirely obscuring black marks there, its anterior edge concave, little suffused, to tip of vein ic. Cilia black along dark suffusion, yellow elsewhere. Tegumen (Fig. 19) strong, erect. Uncus rather long with two long bristles at the top, haired underneath. Gnathos long, its hook dilated. Socii elongate, as long as gnathos. Valva elongate, dilated posteriorly; costa indicated, cucullus obliquely rounded, with dense bristles, harpe densely bristled following the edge of valva. Sacculus narrow, bristled towards base. Aedoeagus rather long, stout, tubular and straight. Cornuti not perceptible. (Gen. No. 584 D.) INDIA, Assam, Khasias, x.i894. The type is from Nepal. 4 $. $ 50-60 mm. Head white, tufts around and between base of antennae black; collar white with two dorsal black patches. Antenna blackish-brown, light grey, A REVISION OF THE FAMILY CERACIDAE 205 ringed black above. Palpus black, basal segment and lower and apical edge of median with a rather broad white edge. Thorax purplish-black with blue sheen, lateral half of patagium, a streak on tegula, large ovate anterior, triangular median and apical spots white ; mesothorax dark brown with yellow tufts. Abdomen bright yellow, each segment with a broad posterior transverse blackish-purple band, narrowed laterally and a narrowly-elongate lateral patch; anal tuft bright yellow. Legs yellow, tibiae with basal bands and tarsi, except the anterior, with apical half of basal segments dark brown. Fore wing with ic furcate to beyond middle, parting veins present, upper to between veins 8 and 9. Narrowly-elongate, costa considerably but not abruptly curved at base, almost straight before middle, prominently gradu- ally rounded at f , slightly concave beyond, apex rounded, termen vertical above, notched on vein 7, strongly prominent between veins 7-4, straight, very oblique beneath. Purplish-black along costa to cell, along dorsum to fold and posteriorly to vein 4; disk elsewhere suffused with dark ferruginous-crimson, forming 3 narrow streaks between rows of white dots and another one in basal half of fold ; terminal patch narrow, forming a streak to ic, rather pale yellow, tinged orange between veins 6-7 ; a few metallic scales in crimson suffusion and in terminal patch. Cilia black, white streaks on veins. Hind wing elongate-subtrapezoid, rather narrow, yellow, markings purplish-black: irregular dots and blotches all over the wing arranged in garlands transversely to veins, broader posteriorly, abruptly narrowed on cell and costa ; a dark purplish-brown suffusion from costa to anal angle extended over about f of wing breadth. Cilia dark grey, blackish with a black basal line around apex, yellow along anal edge. 7th ventrite (Fig. 26) little sclerotized. Limen broad at the sides, narrowed in middle, folded in the shape of a V. Ostium a strong broad and shallow cup, abruptly narrowed into a short tube. Ductus bursae narrow, rather short, with finely scobinate wall. Signum absent. (Gen. No. 607 D.) INDIA, Sikkim: Darjeeling; Bengal (R. P. Bretaudeau, 1884). 3 specimens. Also recorded from Japan (Wisherd 6- Murray ama, 1929 ; Matsumura, 1931), but possibly these records refer to xanthocosma. The ? genitalia of this species differ considerably from those of guttana. Type in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Cerace cyanopyga sp. nov. Kvdveos = dark blue, Trvyr\ = rump (J 44 mm. Head white, tuft of long hair-scales around base of each antenna black. Antenna dark brown, flagellum with broad white bands on upper side, cilia whitish. Palpus black, basal segment throughout, and median segment along under side, except in middle and around apex white. Collar of scales around head white. Thorax black with two pairs of white erect spots at the sides and one on apex ; patagium white, tip black, tegula black with an oblique white fascia ; metathorax with a large yellow spot on each side. Abdomen orange, ist segment suffused with blackish, other seg- ments each with a bluish-black dorsal band along posterior edge and a lateral dot. Valva bluish-black, cilia dark grey mixed with white. Legs orange, base of tibiae, basal half of ist tarsal segments and other tarsal segments bluish-black. Fore wing FIGS. 26-28. Female genitalia of Cerace : 26. C. onustana Moore. 27. C. myriopa Meyrick. 28. C. xanthothrix sp. n. A REVISION OF THE FAMILY CERACIDAE 207 elongate, rather narrow, broadest at f , both parting veins developed, upper to base of vein 8. Costa strongly curved at base almost straight along middle half, bluntly projecting at f , from there straight and oblique to apex, apex subacute, projecting between veins 7 and 8, termen deeply notched on vein 7, rounded and considerably projecting between vein 7 to 4, very oblique below. Black, middle third of wing crimson-ferruginous from base to before termen, somewhat narrowed there. Mark- ings white : somewhat curved oblique streaks on costa, reaching about across wing, numerous rounded dots arranged in longitudinal rows scattered all over the wing except on costa, on narrow distal part of ferruginous suffusion and before termen ; a large dark orange preterminal patch connected with above-mentioned suffusion reaching downward along termen to vein 2, its edges serrate ; several round violet- metallic shining dots in middle of disk before termen and a few shining scales partially edging several white dots in disk. Cilia bluish-black, with about 5 whitish patches along termen below vein 7. Hind wing elongate semiovate, rather narrow towards apex, veins 3 and 4 connate. Bright orange, markings black : an erect semiovate rather large apical patch ; round spots of different sizes from this to tornus arranged in two rows. Cilia orange, black around apex. Tegumen (Fig. 22) moderately broad. Uncus strong, its top erect-ovate, with two long patches of bristles underneath. Gnathos moderate, with slender arms and a long slender curved hook. Socii narrow, elongate, not reaching hook of gnathos. Valva elongate, rather broad, costa evident, cucullus rounded above, very oblique beneath gradually densely fine-bristled, with harpe obliquely rounded, very densely covered with strong bristles. Saccus with broad, flattened, long-bristled base, indefinite posteriorly. Transtilla broad, membraneous, straight, somewhat narrowed in middle. Aedoeagus broad, stout, tubular, slightly curved, with dilated and obliquely truncate apex. (Gen. No. 583 D., type.) BURMA, Maymyo, n.v.igoi (H. J. W. Barrow). I specimen, type, in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Nearest to the following. Cerace ios Diakonoff Cerace ios Diakonoff, 1939 Treubia 18: 30, pi. i, fig. i. ? 45-5 mm. Head yellow. Antenna black, yellowish ringed. Palpus black, with basal segment and the base of terminal yellow. Thorax yellow, a round ferruginous dot on tegula and in middle of anterior edge. Abdomen yellow. Legs yellow with black articulations ; anterior and median tarsi black yellow-ringed, posterior tarsus with base of basal segment black. Fore wing with costa strongly but regularly arched as far as \, straight posteriorly, gradually curved beyond middle, slightly convex before apex, apex bluntly prominent, termen concave beneath apex, then prominently rounded in cells 7-5, oblique beneath. Yellow-orange, reticulate with ferruginous- violet: on basal half of wing ground colour predominates, yellow blotches being larger than ferruginous bands and stripes ; on terminal half of wing and along dorsum yellow colour reduced to round spots, and dark markings predominate ; dark mark- ings black along costa and dorsum ; a row of transverse strigae on costa, reaching to of wing breadth at base, gradually decreasing in length, but increasing in breadth 208 A REVISION OF THE FAMILY CERACIDAE towards apex ; a round yellow dot before apex ; elsewhere the wing scattered with round yellow blotches, arranged in horizontal rows and decreasing in size posteriorly ; termen red in cells 7-3. Cilia red with some 6 black semicircular dots. Hind wing bright yellow-orange, paler at base, terminal | black, anterior edge of this black area somewhat diffuse, sinuate ; black rounded dots on lower half of wing, decreasing in size towards termen. Cilia yellow, black around terminal ^ of wing. NORTH-EAST BORNEO, Mt. Kina Balu. Unique. Type in Universitatsmuseum, Berlin (ex Coll. Staudinger.) The specimen could not be obtained for the present study. In the original description the word 'patagium' must be changed into 'tegula' (lapsus). Cerace xanthothrix sp. nov. gavdodpig golden-yellow haired c? 33-38 mm., $ 48 mm. Head white, face edged black, in $ slightly suffused with ochreous, tufts between antennae black, white at base. Antenna (damaged) blackish, white-ringed. Palpus black, basal segment and lower and apical edge of median segment white. Thorax ferruginous-blackish with two pairs of lateral spots and apex white, metathorax with a pair of lateral spots white in , yellow in $, tegula with an oblique white fascia. Abdomen yellow or orange-yellow, brighter posteriorly, pale yellow beneath, anal tuft in $ yellow-orange, $ with a blackish-grey or bluish-black spot on 8th tergite, valva brownish-black with a violet sheen, edged with yellow beneath. Legs: anterior whitish, tibia suffused with black along upper half, median tinged with ochreous, posterior ochreous-yellowish : knees dark brown, tarsal seg- ments with dark brown base. Fore wing with both parting veins developed, upper to between base of 8 and 9 ; elongate-ovate, much broader in $ (<$ 3-2 X , $ 2-7 x as long as broad). Costa abruptly strongly arched at base, in middle slightly concave in $, straight in ?, at | bluntly angulate in $ (less distinct in $) , straight and oblique before apex, apex shortly rounded, termen notched on vein 7, considerably obtusely pro- jecting between veins 5 and 6, very oblique beneath. Blackish- violet, suffused with black along costal \ ; a narrow streak of brick-red suffusion just above middle of disk from base to termen, another such streak along basal f of fold ; terminal patch bright orange, paler below, with four small semiovate dots on termen; other markings white: costal streaks somewhat sinuate, on posterior half of wing irregular, dissolved in dots; rows of dots all over the wing, rather large and coarse, irregular; violet- metallic scales in red discal suffusion edging white dots from below ; a few black dots on preterminal area. Cilia black, blotched black and white with orange base around terminal patch. Hind wing with 3 and 4 almost connate in <, separate in $, broadly subtrapezoid. Bright orange in $, paler in $; posterior f of wing brownish-black with violet gloss and faint yellowish spots: with anterior edge concave, serrate above, more or less dissolved in a few irregular transverse blotches and dots between veins 3 and ib, on terminal edge reaching not far beyond vein 2. Cilia with alternating white and black patches around black area, a narrow basal line black; yellow or orange elsewhere. Tegumen (Fig. 18) moderately broad, rather high. Uncus strong, with elongate- ovate top, two patches of bristles underneath. Gnathos with moderately broad arms A REVISION OF THE FAMILY CERACIDAE 209 and a strong dilated hook. Socii broad, reaching to f of gnathos. Valva elongate, moderately broad, with costa evident, cucullus oblique beneath, rounded above, densely bristled, bristles on harpe in a dense patch obliquely to of disk. Sacculus moderately broad, weak, sparsely bristled. Transtilla membraneous, straight, narrow. Aedoeagus stout, short, tubular, with dilated top and obliquely truncate orifice. (Gen. No. 577 D., holotype; No. 578 D., paratype.) 7th segment (Fig. 28) sclerotized, with a rather broad emargination on ventral side. Limen moderately broad, with edges scobinate, upper straight, lower twice emarginate, without knobs. Ostium broad, strong, cup-shaped above, narrowed and turned to the left beneath, emarginate and membraneous at that side. Ductus bursae coiled, long. Bursa copulatrix ovoid. Signum a folded plate with large strong dentations on inner side. (Gen. No. 576 D., allotype.) INDIA, Assam, Naga Hills, Golaghat, 1890 (Doherty), Walsingham Coll. No. 40224 (holotype) and 40225 (allotype); BURMA, Karen Hills (P. T. H. G.}, v. 1923, Arch- bald Coll.; 2 (J, i ?; all in Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Nearest to stipatana Walker, but recognizable by the colour of hind wing, by the shape of fore wing, and by the genitalia. Cerace stipatana Walker Cerace stipatana Walker, 1863, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 28: 422-423. Moore, 1867, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.: 688. Cotes & Swinhoe, 1889, Cat. Moths India: 699, No. 4771. Meyrick, 1894, Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond.: 24; 1912, in Wagner, Lepid. Cat. 10: 15; 1913, in Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 149: 20, pi. 3, fig. 31, pi. 5, fig. 74; 1914, Ent. Mitt. (Suppl.) 3: 47. Matsumura, 1931, 6000 Illustr. Ins. Japan: 1067, fig. 2128 ($). Caradja, 1938, Stettin. Ent. Ztg. 99: 257 (Ceraca stipatana, err.) ; 1925, Anal. Acad. Romdne (3), 3: 375. Fletcher, 1929, Mem. Dep. Agric. India, Ent. 11: 43. Diakonoff, 1939, Zool. Meded. 21: 130, figs, i A-B, 2 A-C; 1941, Treubia 18: 29. Head (Figs. 13, 14) white, face narrowly edged above and below with black, flattened tuft between and around bases of antennae bluish-black; collar white. Antenna black, ringed with white except along anterior side, cilia greyish. Palpus black, basal segment and median segment edged white below and at apex. Thorax purplish, two larger ovate white spots anteriorly, two smaller ones posteriorly at the sides of mesothorax, an oblique white streak on each tegula ; metathorax dark brown with a large whitish or yellow pencil of hairs on each side. Abdomen pale yellow anteriorly, yellow-orange posteriorly, < with posterior edge of 8th segment and posterior half of gth segment purplish-grey, valva purple-black or purplish, more or less mixed with yellowish along upper and lower edge. Legs in n g s - 3~4) is distinguished from related species of Acidoproctus by the shape of the head and terminal segments of the abdomen and by the characters of the Vulva and male genitalia. i > i Measurements Male Female Length Breadth Length Breadth mm. mm. mm. mm. Head . 0-83 0-68 0-85 0-70 Abdomen . 2-38 0-88 2-58 o-95 Total . 3-88 4-05 Genitalia 0-58* Neotype female and neallotype male of Acidoproctus moschatae (Linn.) in the Meinertzhagen collection (slide No. 10994), from Netta rufina (Pallas) from Rajputana, FIG. 22 FIG. 23 FIGS. 22-23. Acidoproctus moschatae (Linn.), <$: 22. Head. 23. Terminal segments of abdomen. THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA 243 India. Neoparatypes: 27 males and 27 females from the same host-species, India, Lake of Antioch, and Russia. Neotype of Acidoproctus stenopyx (Burmeister) : a male (Meinertzhagen collection, slide No. 8938) from Netta rufina (Pallas) from Rajputana, India, which agrees with the neotype of A. moschatae (Linn.). Since Lipeurus stenopygos Giebel (1861: 318) is a nomen novum for Nirmus stenopyx Burmeister, the neotype of Acidoproctus stenopyx (Burm.) is also automatically the neotype of A. stenopygos (Giebel). FIG. 24 FIG. 25 FIGS. 24-25. Acidoproctus moschatae (Linn.): 24. Terminal segments of $ abdomen. 25. Male genitalia. Pediculus querquedulae (p. 612) No description, and marked by Linne as not seen by him, but with a reference to ' Red. exper. 1. 12 '. Redi's plate represents a Trinoton from ' Arzavola o Farquetola ' = Anas crecca Linn. This species (Figs. 26-28 ; PI. II, fig. 2) is similar to that figured by Ferris (1928 : 226) as Trinoton anserinum (Fabricius), but differs in having fewer hairs in the brushes on the third femora and fourth sternites (Fig. 28) and on the genital region of the male (Fig. 26) ; the genital region of the female also shows minor differences (Fig. 27). The male genitalia are as represented by Ferris (1928, fig. 9 e) for a specimen from Cygnus bewickii Yarrell. 244 THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA Measurements Male Female Length Breadth Length Breadth mm. mm. mm. mm. Head . 0-86 1-27 0-90 i'33 Abdomen . 2-95 1-44 3-26 1-69 Total . 5'45 6-10 Genitalia 2-27* Neotype female and neallotype male of Trinoton querquedulae (Linn.) : in Meinertz- hagen collection (slide No. 4007) from Anas c. crecca Linn., from England. Neopara- FIG. 27 FIGS. 26-27. Trinoton querquedulae (Linn.), terminal segments of abdomen: 26. $. 27. $. THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA 245 types: 15 males and 12 females from the same host-form, England, Iceland, Kenya, Morocco, Nepal, and India (Rajputana). Pediculus sternae (p. 612) i One of us (Clay, 1949:4) has already dealt with Saemundssonia sternae (Linn.) and has erected neotypes for it. The neotypes are from Sterna h. hirundo Linn. FIG. 28. Tnnoton querquedulae (Linn.), fourth and fifth sternites, Pediculus plataleae (p. 613) There is no description, but a reference to Redi's plate 4. The host-record is 'in Leucorodiis ' and the secondary appellation P. Plataleae Leucorodiae. Linne had not seen the species. The reference is erroneous, the only Spoonbill parasite figured by Redi being his 'Pollino del Palettone' , on plate 7 (Pulex albardeolae in the Latin edition). We have been unable to find any later reference that adds anything to our knowledge of the species until Giebel (1866: 384) described it as Lipeurus platalearum. The hosts were given by him as Platalea ajlaja and leucorhodia, but in 1874: 384 he dropped the former host-name. Harrison (1916 : 17, 139) restored Linne's name and gave plata- learum as a synonym. The species must stand as Ardeicola plataleae (Linne), 1758. Our specimens of this species are from Platalea leucorodia from Jidda, Arabia, sufficient material not being available from the European Spoonbill. Although Eastern breeding birds have been separated as P. I. major Temminck and Schlegel on size, there is apparently considerable overlap in measurements, and it is doubtful whether this subspecies is recognizable ; moreover, Redi obtained some of his material from non-Italian birds kept in the Boboli Gardens, and his Spoonbill may well not have been of the European form. We have, therefore, felt ourselves justified in erecting neotypes from Arabian breeding birds. ENTOM. i, 3. H h 246 Measurements THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA Male Female Length Breadth Length Breadth mm. mm. mm. mm. Head . o-59 o-35 0-61 0-38 Abdomen . 1-60 0-42 1-74 0-52 Total . 2-80 3-00 Genitalia 0-60 Neotype female (PI. I, fig. 5 and Figs. 31-33) and neallotype male (Figs. 29-30, 32) of Ardeicola plataleae (Linn.), a female and male in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) (slide No. 348) from Platalea 1. leucorodia Linn, from Jidda, Arabia. Neoparatypes: 24 males and 26 females from the same host-form, Jidda and India (Rajputana). FIG. 30 FIG. 29 FIG. 31 FIG. 32 FIGS. 29-32. Ardeicola plataleae (Linn.) : 29. Male. 30. Male genitalia. 31. First two abdominal segments, . 32. <$ and $ antennae. THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA 247 Neotype of Ardeicola platalearum (Giebel), a male (British Museum (Nat. Hist.), slide No. 420), from Platalea I. leucorodia Linn, from S. Spain, which agrees both with Giebel's description and with the neallotype of A. plataleae (Linn.). FIG. 33. Ardeicola plataleae (Linn.) $ terminal segments of abdomen. Pediculus ardeae (p. 613) Not seen by Linne, based on Redi's plate 6. The host-record is 'in Ardeis' and the secondary appellation P. Ardeae cinereae. Redi's plate 6 is a ' Pollino dell' Air one' , which is unquestionably the species now known as Ardeicola ardeae (Linne). It does not appear to have been found again until comparatively recent times, for the mentions in the literature are mere references until Stephens (1829: 332) quite unnecessarily renamed it Lipeurus obtusus and Burmeister (1838: 434) described it as Lipeurus leucopygus. Harrison's references (p. 130) to ardeae-cinereae Fabricius, 1794, and to ardealis Scopoli, 1763, are incorrect, for Fabricius' mention is a quotation of the reference for ardeae Linne and Scopoli's name refers to a totally different species which will be discussed later. Clay (1936: 615) made ardeae Linn, the type species of Ardeicola. Measurements Male Female Length Breadth Length Breadth mm. mm. mm. mm. Head . o-73 0-48 0-76 0-50 Abdomen . i-59 0-68 i-95 0-68 Total . 2-86 3-24 Genitalia 0-44 248 THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA Neotype male (Figs. 34-35) and neallotype female (Figs. 36-37) of Ardeicola ardeae (Linn.) in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) (slide No. 423) from Ardea c. cinerea Linne, from Liguria, Italy. Neoparatypes: 46 males and 86 females from the same host-form, from Great Britain, Eire, Uganda, and South Africa. FIG. 34 FIG. 35 FIGS. 34-35. Ardeicola ardeae (Linn.) 34. Male. 35. Male genitalia. These neotypes automatically become neotypes of Ardeicola obtusus (Stephens). Neotype of Ardeicola leucopygus (Burmeister) : a female (Meinertzhagen collection slide No. 211) from Ardea c. cinerea Linn, from South Uist, Outer Hebrides, Scotland, which agrees with the neallotype of A. ardeae (Linn.). Pediculus gruis (p. 613) No description, but a reference to No. 1162 in Fauna Suecica and to Redi's plate 3. The host-record is 'in Gruibus' and the secondary appellation P. Ardeae Gruis. In Fauna Suecica there is a reference to ' Frisch. germ. 5. p. 15. t. 4' and the host-record 249 THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA is ' in Grue proprie dicta 131 '. Linne had not seen any material. Redi's plate is an absolutely unmistakable representation of the species which Harrison made the type species of his genus Esthiopterum, but that of Frisch shows a Philopterus (s.l.). Fabricius (1781 : 481) gives a brief description of gruis which appears to have been drawn up FIG. 36 FIG. 37 FIGS. 36-37. Ardeicola ardeae (Linn.) : 36. Female. 37. Terminal segments of $ abdomen. from Redi's figure and which could be taken as a restriction of the name, as also must the fact that Linne dropped the reference to Frisch in 1758. Nitzsch (1818: 293) published the name Ph. (Lipeurus) ebraeus, but as this was also based on Redi's plate it is necessarily a synonym of gruis and our neotypes are those of both names. Giebel (1874: 226, pi. 16, figs. 5, 6) 'emended' the name ebraeus to hebraeus. Measurements Male Female Length Breadth Length Breadth mm. mm. mm. mm. Head . I -06 0-87 1-16 0-98 Abdomen . 2-80 1-04 3-20 i'45 Total . 4-82 5-4 Genitalia 2-02* 250 THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA Neotype male and neallotype female (Figs. 38-41) of Esthiopterum gruis (Linn.) in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) (slide No. 407) from Megalornis g. grus (Linn.) from Genoa, Italy. Neoparatypes: 50 males and 57 females from the same host-form, from Germany, Finland, and Algeria. II FIG. 38 FIG. 39 FIG. 38-39. Esthiopterum gruis (Linn.) : 38. Male. 39. Male genitalia. It is perhaps not irrelevant to insert here a note as to the genus Esthiopterum. Harrison erected this genus (1916: 26) for species of Lipeurus which do not possess a circumfasciate head, Esthiopterum (Lipeurus) ebraeum Burmeister being designated type species. Later (1937 : 25) he considered that the fact that he had included Pseudo- nirmus charcoti (Neumann) , the type species of Pseudonirmus Mjoberg, in Esthiopterum made this genus a synonym of Pseudonirmus and he changed the name to Esthiopte- rella with E. gruis Linn, as type species. This view is quite incorrect and the name Esthiopterella is unnecessary and must be abandoned in favour of Esthiopterum. FIG. 40 FIG. 41 FIGS. 40-41. Esthi opterum gruis (Linn.): 40. Female. 41. Terminal segments of $ abdomen. 252 THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA Pediculus ciconiae (p. 613) Although there is no description, Linne had seen specimens; the reference is ' Frisch. Ins. 8. p. 9. t. 6', the host-record 'in Ciconiis', and the secondary appella- tion P. Ardeae Ciconiae. Frisch's plate shows figures of a male and female Ardeicola. "\ FIG. 42 FIG 43 FIGS. 42-43. Ardeicola ciconiae (Linn.) <$: 42. Terminal segments of abdomen. 43. Genitalia. Fabricius (1775 : 808) described what is undoubtedly Linne's species as ' elongatus filiformis, abdomine albo: lateribus nigro punctatis'. Nitzsch (1818: 292) renamed the species Phil. (Lipeums) versicolor, and it was generally known under this name until Harrison restored Linne's name and transferred the species to Esthioptemm. This species (Figs. 42-44; PI. II, figs. 3-4) shows the characteristics of typical Ardeicola and is distinguished from related species by the shape of the head, terminal THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA 253 segments of the abdomen in both sexes, and the male genitalia. In the male tergal plates II-IV are divided medially, in the female tergal plates II-VIII are divided. FIG. 44. Ardeicola ciconiae (Linn.) terminal segments of $ abdomen. Measurements Male Female Length Breadth Length Breadth mm. mm. mm. mm. Head . 0-93 0-58 o-95 0-58 Abdomen . 3-12 0-77 3-00 0-80 Total . 4-70 4-81 Genitalia 1-36* Neotype male and neallotype female of Ardeicola ciconiae (Linn.) in the Meinertz- hagen collection (slide No. 7857), from Ciconia c. ciconia (Linn.) from Sudan. Neo- paratypes : 59 males and 45 females from the same host-form from Europe (captive bird), Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, and South Africa. These neotypes are necessarily also neotypes of Ardeicola versicolor (Nitzsch). Pediculus charadrii (p. 613) No description, and marked by Linne as not seen by him, but with a reference to Redi's plate 9. The host-record is 'in Pluvialibus' and the secondary appellation P. Charadrii Pluvialis. ENTOM. I, 3. II 254 THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA Redi's plate 9 does not contain plover-parasites, but plate n shows two ' Pollini del Piviere ' (in the Latin edition ' Pulices avis Pluvialis ') and is obviously the reference intended by Linne ; the upper or left-hand figure is an Actornithophilus and the other a Quadraceps. Miiller (1775 : 1035) gives a very brief description of ' Die Grillvogellaus. P. charadrii ' which runs ' Sie hat ein eckiges Bruststiick und ist an den Seiten gerandelt '. If this is \ FIG. 45 FIG. 46 FIGS. 45-46. Quadraceps charadrii (Linn.): 45. Male. 46. Male genitalia. an original description it seems to us completely meaningless ; if we assume that it is a description of Redi's drawings rather than of actual specimens, then the angular ' Bruststiick' (? prothorax) seems to refer to the Actornithophilus but the margined sides seem more like the Quadraceps. We cannot regard anything so completely vague as a restriction. Nitzsch (1818: 298) renamed the upper figure of Redi's plate as Liotheum (Colpoce- phalum) ochraceum; Harrison (1916: 12) rejects charadrii on the inadequate grounds that ' neither figure is specifically referred to '. In order not to disturb Nitzsch's name L. ochraceum, we restrict charadrii Linne to the lower or right-hand figure on Redi's plate ; ochraceum will be dealt with under Nitzsch, 1818. THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA 255 ' Piviere' is the Italian vernacular name for Charadrius apricarius Linn., and C. pluvialis (the host mentioned by Linne) is a synonym. Two subspecies of apricarius occur as migrants to Italy, where Redi probably obtained his material, and we have chosen one of these as type-host of the louse. FIG. 47. Quadraceps charadrii (Linn.) : terminal segments of $ abdomen. Measurements Male Female Length Breadth Length Breadth mm. mm. mm. mm. Head . o-43 0-30 0-47 0-32 Abdomen . 0-83 0-40 i-ii 0-42 Total . 1-56 1-90 Genitalia 0-23 Neotype male (Figs. 45-46) and neallotype female (Fig. 47, PI. II, fig. 5) of Quadraceps charadrii (Linn.) in the Meinertzhagen collection (slide No. 11559) fr m Charadrius apricarius oreophilus A. C. Meinertzhagen from Scotland. Neoparatypes: 22 males and 10 females from the same host-form, Scotland and Ireland. Pediculus fulicae (p. 613) No description, and marked by Linne as not seen. The host-record is 'in Fulicis ' and the secondary appellation P. Fulicae atrae. The reference is to Redi's plate 4, which depicts three ' Pollini delta Folaga', a Eulaemobothrion (fig. I), a Fulicoffula (fig. II), and an Incidifrons (fig. III). 256 THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA There is no formal restriction of Pediculus fulicae in the old literature. Miiller (1775 : 1035) states ' Sie fuhret am After viele gleichweitig stehende lange Harchen ', which applies equally to all three genera; von Olfers (1816: 19) comes near to a restriction when he drops Redi's fig. 2 and suggests that figs, i and 3 are male and FIG. 48 FIG. 49 FIGS. 48-49. Incidifrons fulicae (Linn.) : 48. Male. 49. Male genitalia. female of one species, but he still includes the Eulaemobothrion and the Incidifrons. But Schrank (1803: 191) describes as Pediculus fulicae a species from ' Blasshuhn' (= Fulica atra Linn.) which is quite definitely the Incidifrons even without his reference to fig. 3 of Redi's plate, and the obvious course is to accept this as a restric- tion although he gives no reference to Linne. The matter has been dealt with at some length by one of us (Hopkins, 1940: 421, 422) and the name fulicae Linne formally restricted to the Incidifrons. The synonymy was also dealt with in the same paper. THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA 257 Measurements Male Female Length Breadth Length Breadth mm. mm. mm. mm. Head . o-53 0-48 0-58 0-60 Abdomen . 0-76 0-63 1-18 0-88 Total . 1-50 2-03 Genitalia 0-40 FIG. 50. Incidifrons fulicae (Linn.) female. Neotype male (Figs. 48-49) and neallotype female (Figs. 50-51) of Incidifrons fulicae (Linn.) in the Meinertzhagen collection (slide no. 4941) from Fulica a. atra Linn, from England. Neoparatypes: 46 males and 53 females from the same host-form, from England, Scotland, India (Sind and Rajputana), Macedonia, Italy, and Morocco. Neotype of Incidifrons pertusus (Burmeister) : a male (Meinertzhagen collection slide No. 2934) from Fulica a. atra Linn, from England, which agrees with the neo- type of I. fulicae (Linn.). 258 THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA Pediculus recurvirostrae (p. 613) There are references to Fauna Suecica and to 'It. oel. 90 ' and Linne had seen the species. The host-record is 'in Recurvirostris' and the secondary appellation P. Recurvirostrae Avosettae. The description in Fauna Suecica is : ' Corpus fuscum, oblongum. Caput obsolete triangulum, acuminatum, linea transversalis excavata in medio. Abdomen oblongum, fere linear e, in medio paulo latius, incisuris octo. Pedes breves, curvi. Antennae breves, FIG. 51. Incidifrons fulicae (Linn.): terminal segments of $ abdomen. parvae, capitatae.' The host-record is 'Habitat in Numenio Recurvirostro albo nigroque-variegato. 137' (= Recurvirostra avosetta Linn.). The reference to It. oel. 90 (1745) is quite unhelpful ; there is no mention of the Avocet on p. 90, but on p. 9 the bird is mentioned, with the remark ' om ganska manga insekter'. J. C. Fabricius (1775 : 808) refers to Linne and gives a description which appears to be an abbreviation of Linne's. Later authors have mentioned the species without being able to decide as to what it is, and Harrison (1916: 18) places it in Degeeriella but rejects it as unrecognizable. Of the species known from Recurvirostra avosetta, those later described as Nirmus pileus Nitzsch and N. signatus Piaget could each be regarded as having an almost linear abdomen in the female sex, whereas none of the other species (nor the males of these two) could well be so described. N. pileus is the only one in which the female has a corpus fuscum, its head is more triangular than that of any of the other species, and it is the only one in which we would describe the head as acuminate. The linea THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA 259 transversalis excavata in medio on the head is found in both pileus and signatus, though it is plainer in the latter. The eight incisions on the abdomen are present in both species and the antennae are not capitate in either but can appear so in both when the insect is examined with a hand-lens. 1 The legs are more obviously short in pileus. The balance of probability is strongly in favour of Linne's insect having been N. pileus Nitzsch (as figured by Piaget, 1880). The species is very aberrant and may require a new genus, but we refer it provisionally to Quadraceps. Measurements Male Female Length Breadth Length Breadth mm. mm. mm. mm. Head . 0-61 o-59 0-68 0-67 Abdomen . 1-50 0-65 2-32 0-98 Total . 2-62 3-60 Genitalia 0-52* Neotype female (Figs. 52-53) and neallotype male (Figs. 54-55) of Quadraceps recurvirostrae (Linn.) in the Meinertzhagen collection (slide No. lion) from Recurvi- rostra a. avosetta Linn, from Russia. Neoparatypes : 49 males and 27 females from the same host-species from Russia, Palestine, Turkey, Kenya, and South Africa. Neotype of Quadraceps pileus (Nitzsch): a male (Meinertzhagen collection, slide No. 8024) from Recurvirostra a. avosetta Linn, from Palestine, which agrees with the neallotype of Q. recurvirostrae (Linn.). Pediculus haematopi (p. 613) The species is not described, but there is a reference to Fauna Suecica and Linne had seen material. The host-record is ' in Haematopis ' and the secondary appellation P. Haematopi Ostralegi. In Fauna Suecica the host is given as Haematopus bellonii and the species is described as: ' Magnitudo pulicis. Totus glaucus. Caput subrotundum, glaberrimum, convexo- planum. Abdomen obverse ovatum incisuris decem, transversis, pallidis. Pedes breves. Antennae brevissimae. Thorax angustissimus. Pili ad latera posterioris abdominis.' Subsequent authors add nothing to our knowledge of this species, but Gmelin (1788 : 2919) altered the name to haematopodis and was followed in this by Fabricius (1805 : 347) ; Stephens (1829 : 332) renamed it Nirmus glaucus. Harrison (1916 : 15) discards it on the grounds that the genus is not recognizable with certainty, but even if this were adequate we claim that his belief is incorrect ; the description definitely indicates the Ischnocera and of the Ischnocera parasitic on the Oyster-catcher only the species mentioned by Giebel in 1866 (p. 361) as Docophorus Haematopi (a nomen nudum) and described by him in 1874 (p. 101) as Docophorus acanthus agrees at all with the description in Fauna Suecica. Linne's specimen appears to have been a nymph or perhaps a teneral adult. 1 We considered the possibility that this character might mean that Linne's material belonged to the Amblycera, but other points in the description are irreconcilably at variance with this suggestion. 260 THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA Details of both sexes of Docophorus acanthus have been well figured by Keler (1936 : 263, figs. 2 b, 2 d) as the type species of Hastaephorus (= Saemundssonia Timmer- mann). FIG. 52 FIG. 53 FIGS. 52-53. Quadraceps recurvirostrae (Linn.) : 52. Female. 53. Terminal segments $ abdomen. Neotype male and neallotype female of Saemundssonia haematopi (Linn.) a pair, agreeing with Keler's figures referred to above, in the Meinertzhagen collection (slide No. 10568) from Haematopus o. ostralegus Linn, from Ireland. Neoparatypes: 34 males and 43 females from the same host-form from Great Britain and Eire. The neotypes are automatically neotypes of Saemundssonia haematopodis (Gmelin) and Saemundssonia glaucus (Stephens), also. Neotype of Saemundssonia acanthus (Giebel), a male (Meinertzhagen collection, slide No. 2352) from Haematopus o. ostralegus Linn, from Scotland, which agrees with the neotype of S. haematopi (Linn.). THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA 261 Pediculus pavonis (p. 613) No description and marked by Linne as not seen, but with references to ' Frisch. ins. 12. t. 3. /. 6' and Redi's plate 15. The secondary appellation is P. Pavonis cristati. There has never been any serious dispute about this species ; Frisch's figure repre- sents a female Goniodes and Redi's shows a young nymph of the same species. Later FIG. 54 FIG. 55 FIGS. 54-55. Quadraceps recurvirostrae (Linn.): 54. Male. 55. Male genitalia. authors add very little of value, but Gmelin (1788 : 2919) adds an erroneous reference to Geoffroy (1762), whose species is a turkey-parasite. Nitzsch (1818: 293) proposed the namePM. (Goniodes) fakicornis for Pediculus pavonis Linn, and Fabr., and added references to Panzer (1798) and Redi plate 14 (an adult male of the same species). Neotypes of Goniodes pavonis (Linn.) have already been designated by one of us (Clay, 1940: 7). These specimens are also neotypes of Goniodes falcicornis (Nitzsch). Pediculus meleagridis (p. 613) There is no description, but there are references to Fauna Suecica and 'Frisch. ins. 8. t. 4' and a queried reference to Redi's plate 22. The host-record is 'in Gallo- pavonibus ' and the secondary appellation is P. Meleagridis Gallo-pavonis. Linne had seen specimens. ENTOM. i, 3. K k 262 THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA As the reference to Redi is queried we can leave it out of account ; Frisch's figure certainly represents the common Chelopistes of the Turkey. In Fauna Suecica, 1746, there is a description and a reference (dropped in 1758) to Redi's plate i ; the descrip- tion seems certainly to refer to the turkey Chelopistes and the left-hand figure on Redi's plate i, though nominally a hawk-parasite, shows a strong resemblance to the same species. Geoff roy (1762: 600) called the species Pediculus galli-pavonis, but (as will be shown below) this, in spite of appearances, is not a name, and his description is merely a translation of that in Fauna Suecica. Schrank (1781: 504, pi. i, fig. 4) described and figured it under Linne's name; though he questioned whether his species was the same as that of Linne, there is no doubt that it was. In 1818 (p. 294) Nitzsch proposed Ph. (Goniodes) stylifer as a nomen novum for P. meleagridis Schrank, and it has many times been described under this name and the ' emendation ' styli- ferum Taschenberg. Harrison (1916: 16, 77) restored Linne's name. Neotypes of Chelopistes meleagridis (Linn.) have already been selected (Clay, 1941 : 124). They are not neotypes of C. stylifer (Nitzsch) nor of C. stylifer um (Taschenberg), because the former is a renaming of Pediculus meleagridis Schrank (not of P. melea- gridis Linn., although these are the same) and the latter has an independent descrip- tion. Pediculus gallinae (p. 613) There is a very brief description ' thorace capiteque utrinque mucronato ' and a refe- rence to Fauna Suecica, where there is a more detailed description. The secondary appellation is P. Phasiani Galli and the host-record is 'in Gallinis domesticis'. The species was redescribed and figured under Linne's name by Schrank (1776: 114, pi. 5, fig. 2) and by Panzer (1798: 21) ; Nitzsch (1818: 299) proposed the name Lio. (Meno- pori) pallidum for it, quoting Redi plate 17 and Panzer, but not Linne. There has never been any real doubt about the identity of the species. Menopon gallinae (Linn.) has been very well figured by Ferris (1924: 57, fig. i), but in the male genitalia the 'parameres' of Ferris should have bulbous ends and the structure ' X ' is in fact a paired structure, as shown in Fig. 56, X. Neotype male and neallotype female of Menopon gallinae (Linn.) in the Meinertz- hagen collection (slide No. 2490) from Gallus domesticus from Scotland ; these speci- mens agree with Ferris' s figures (referred to above) except for the details of the male genitalia mentioned. Neoparatypes: 24 males and 47 females from the same host from Great Britain, Roumania, Uganda, British Guiana, and Colombia. These neo- types are not also neotypes of Menopon pallidum (Nitzsch) because Nitzsch did not include Linne among his references. Neotype of Menopon pallidum (Nitzsch) a male (Meinertzhagen collection, slide No. 4920) from Gallus domesticus from England, which agrees with the neotype of M. gallinae (Linn.). Pediculus caponis (p. 614) The host-record and secondary appellation are the same as for gallinae. There are references to ' Frisch. ins. n. t. 24', to Redi's plate 16, fig. i, and to Fauna Suecica. Frisch's figure is a Laemobothrion and the upper figure on Redi's plate 16 is Menopon THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA 263 gallinae (Linn.), but the description in Fauna Suecica is undoubtedly a Lipeurus and the name has long been accepted in this sense. The first author to note the discrepancy was Schrank (1803 : 193) ; he notes that neither of the figures to which Linne referred are this species and gives a short new description which definitely refers to the Lipeurus and which should be accepted as a restriction of the previously composite FIG. 56. Menopon gallinae (Linn.) : genitalia. P. caponis Linn. In any case we must go by what Linne had before him, as indicated by his description, and not by his errors. Fortunately application of the name caponis to the Lipeurus is in accordance with modern usage. The species has been described and figured in detail by one of us (Clay, 1938: 112, figs, i, 2 a, b, 3 a). Synonymy was discussed in the same paper, but we wish to add that Nirmus tesselatus Denny, described from a nymph supposedly obtained from a bittern, is a Lipeurus and should be assumed to be L. caponis (Linn.), as it probably actually is (see Clay, 1940: 431). Neotype male and neallotype female of Lipeurus caponis (Linn.) in the Meinertz- hagen collection (slide No. 4930), selected from the material utilized for Clay's redescription and figures (Clay, 1938), from Callus domesticus, Great Britain. Neo- paratypes: 19 males and 18 females from the same host-form and locality. Neotype of Lipeurus variabilis Burmeister : a male (Meinertzhagen collection, slide No. 2488) from Callus domesticus from Great Britain which was compared with the ENTOM. i, 3. K k 2 264 THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA type of L. variabilis by Dr. S. Keler in 1936, and which agrees with the neotype of L. caponis (Linn.). Pediculus tetraonis (p. 614) There is no description and a reference to Redi is queried, so tetraonis is a nomen nudum so far as the publication under consideration is concerned, but Linne described the species in the 1761 edition of Fauna Suecica and it will be dealt with under that work. Pediculus lagopi (p. 614) Linne gives a reference to a description in Fauna Suecica and the secondary appella- tion is P. Tetraonis Lagopi. Harrison (1916: 15) discarded the name as unrecognizable, but Waterston (1926: 89-91) showed conclusively that the mention of the fruits of Capsella bursa-pastoris and Veronica constitutes an unmistakable reference to the shape of a Goniodes and that Goniodes lagopi (Linn.) must replace the various other names that have been applied to the Goniodes of Lagopus lagopus. Neotype of Goniodes lagopi (Linn.), selected by Clay (1940 : 48), in the Meinertzhagen collection (slide No. 1576), from Lagopus I. lagopus (Linn.), from Estonia. The synonymy was dealt with in the same paper. The neotype of Goniodes lagopi (Linn.) is also automatically the neotype of G. lagopodis (Gmelin). Pediculus columbae (p. 614) Without description, and marked as not seen, but with a reference to 'Red. exper. t. 2/. i '. The host-record is ' in Columbis ' and the secondary appellation is P. Columbae Oenatis. Redi's plate is not good but the figure to which Linne refers is quite obviously a Columbicola ; it is labelled ' Pollino del Piccion grosso ' (in the Latin edition ' Pulex Columbae majoris'}. As Linne had not seen specimens his mention of Columba oenas cannot be accepted as a designation of a type-host unless there is some confirmation, for the name owes all its validity to Redi's plate. But we consider it more than prob- able that the mention of C. oenas is not only unwarranted but erroneous. On the same plate Redi shows a 'Pollino delta Tortora' (a mite), and this suggests very strongly that 'Piccion grosso' is merely used in contrast to the Turtle-dove and applies to the domestic pigeon. The latter is by far the most likely host of Redi's specimens, and it was from this host that all other authors redescribed the species for many years after. Eichler (1941 : 276) designated C. lima domestica as type-host of the species ; although this action has no validity (since Eichler did not erect neotypes), it is an additional reason for making this species the host of the neotypes. Geoffroy (1762 : 599) redescribed the species, but his ' name ' for it is a descriptive phrase and not binominal ; Fabricius (1775 : 809) redescribed it under Linne's name. Schrank (1776 : 114, pi. 5, fig. 3) had been unable to consult Redi's work and therefore doubted if his species was the same as that of Linne, whose name he applied to it, but his figure shows a nymph of the same species. Nitzsch (1818 : 293) proposed the name Ph. (Lipeurus) baculus for the species shown on Redi's plate and ' Ped. columbae THE EARLY LITERATURE ON MALLOPHAGA 265 Panzer ' ; his host-record is ' Columbarum plur' , for which must be substituted C. livia domestica. Measurements Male Female Length Breadth Length Breadth mm. mm. mm. mm. Head . 0-52 0-28 o-55 0-28 Abdomen . 1-24 o-35 1-62 0-38 Total . 2-14 2-62 Neotype male (Figs. 57-58) and neallotype female (Fig. 59) of ColumUcola columbae (Linn.) in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) (slide No. 409-410) from Columba livia domestica from Florence, Italy. Neoparatypes: 42 males and 54 females from the FIG. 57 FIG. 58 FIG. 59 FIGS. 57-59. ColumUcola columbae (Linn.) : 57. Male. 58. c. 13 Tl. Berlin. 4. GIEBEL, C. G. A. 1874. Insecta Epizoa, (S-c. Leipzig, fol. GMELIN, J. F. 1788. C. a Linne . . . Systema Naturae, 6-c., ed. XIII, 1 (5), 2915-2922. HARRISON, L. 1937. Mallophaga and Siphunculata. Sci. Rep. Aust. Antarctic Exped. 1911-1914, 2: 1-47. HOPKINS, G. H. E. 1940. Stray Notes on Mallophaga. II. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist, (n) 5: 417-429. KELER, S. 1938. Ubersicht iiber die gesamte Literatur der Mallophagen. Z. angew. Ent. 25: 487-524. LINNE, C. 1761. Fauna Suecica ... Editio altera, 6-c., 476-479. Stockholmiae. MULLER, P. L. S. 1773-1776. C. von Linnd Vollstdndiges Natur system . . . mit einer . . . Erkldrung . . . von P. L. S. Mutter. 6 Tl. & Suppl. Niirnberg. REDI, F. 1668. Esperienze intorno alia generazione degl' insetti, cS-c. Firenze. 4. SEGUY, E. 1944. Insectes Ectoparasites. Faune Fr. 43: 1-684. WERNECK, F. L. 1947. Os Mal6fagos do Boi e do Cavalo. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 1: 195-199. PRESENTED O ' CCD men PLATE 1 FIG. i. Laemobothrion tinnunculi (Linn.) FIG. 2. Philopterus corvi (Linn.) <$ FIG. 3. Acidoproctus moschatae (Linn.) FIG. 4. Acidoproctus moschatae (Linn.) $ FIG. 5. A rdeicola plataleae (Linn.) $ Ell. B.M. (N.H.), Entomology I, 3 PLATE PLATE 2 FIG. i. Anaticola anseris (Linn.) $ FIG. 2. Trinoton querquedulae (Linn.) FIG. 3. Ardeicola ciconiae (Linn.) <$ FIG. 4. Ardeicola ciconiae (Linn.) 9 FIG. 5. Quadraceps charadrii (Linn.) B.M. (N.H.), Entomology I, 3 PLATE 2 / PRESENTED 2 / SEP 1950 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD BY CHARLES BATEY PBINTEB TO THE UNIVEBSITY 2 7 SEP 1950 SPECIMENS OF CERTAIN ORIENTAL EUCOSMIDAE AND CARPOSINIDAE (MICROLEPIDOPTERA) DESCRIBED BY EDWARD MEYRICK TOGETHER WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW EUCOSMIDAE AND CARPOSINIDAE IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) A. DIAKONOFF BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. i No. 4 LONDON : 1950 THE TYPE SPECIMENS OF CERTAIN ORIENTAL EUCOSMIDAE AND CARPOSINIDAE (MICROLEPIDOPTERA) DESCRIBED BY EDWARD MEYRICK, TOGETHER WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW EUCOSMIDAE AND CARPOSINIDAE IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) BY A. DIAKONOFF ~ ~ Zoological Museum, Java Pp. 273-300; Pis. 3-8; 2 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. i No. 4 LONDON : 1950 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is to be issued in five series, corresponding to the Departments of the Museum. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they be- come ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. I, No. 4, of the Entomological series. PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued September 1950 Price Eight shillings THE TYPE SPECIMENS OF CERTAIN ORIENTAL EUCOSMIDAE AND CARPOSINIDAE (MICROLEPIDOPTERA) DESCRIBED BY EDWARD MEYRICK, TOGETHER WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW EUCOSMIDAE AND CARPOSINIDAE IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) By A. DIAKONOFF THE current classification of the South Asiatic Microlepidoptera is due almost entirely to Edward Meyrick. Several families were recognized by him, and many genera and more than a thousand species from this region were described by him. These descrip- tions were based on material which was chiefly preserved in his own collection which is now in the British Museum (Natural History) . To save space Meyrick used double- sided store boxes to house his collection, and arranged his specimens in vertical rows, very close to each other, sometimes 'shingled', above the specific name-label. All his specimens are mounted on short pins and have very small, uniform, sometimes printed, but mostly hand-written locality and date labels. Meyrick remounted every specimen mounted otherwise than on these short pins and re-labelled them with his own small labels, written in a uniform way, thus: locality, name of the country, collector's name (in capitals), and date. A great difficulty which Meyrick created for posterity is due to the fact that he never fixed the types of his own species, except in very few instances ; further, it is evident now that, however clear his conception of the genera may have been, he had a rather poor eye for specific differences during the later years of his life. Consequently, quite heterogeneous series sometimes occur under a single specific name. This, together with the fact that his descriptions were short, hardly ever illustrated, and ignored the characters of the genitalia, makes recognition of Meyrick' s species some- times difficult. During a seven-weeks' visit to the British Museum (Natural History) in 1946 the author, who is studying the Microlepidoptera of the Indo-Malayan and Papuan regions, had to face this problem. Mr. W. H. T. Tarns, of the Department of Ento- mology, suggested to him that he should undertake the fixation of lectotypes in Meyrick's collection. The author consented eagerly to this proposition, but as his time was very limited, he was only able to discharge a very small part of this immense task. The present paper records the results of this work, grouped under four headings, namely, (i) Asiatic Eucosmidae other than Bactra and Lobesia; (2) Asiatic and Papuan Bactra and Lobesia; (3) Asiatic and Papuan CARPOSINIDAE having direct relation to the Meyrick collection, and (4) certain other Asiatic and Papuan CARPO- SINIDAE in the British Museum (Natural History). 276 THE TYPE SPECIMENS OF CERTAIN ORIENTAL For simplicity of reference the species are arranged alphabetically under their trivial names within each genus. Where new synonymy occurs the later name is placed immediately after the one of which it is considered a synonym and a cross reference is arranged alphabetically. Species described from single specimens are recorded as ' holotypes ' ; when a single male and a single female served for the description they are recorded as 'holotype' and ' allotype ' ; when Meyrick himself fixed a type, this specimen is recorded as ' type ' only. For all the other species the author has fixed a lectotype, as far as possible a male, and, in the family EUCOSMIDAE, where he could do so, a paralectotype of the opposite sex was also fixed. These specimens are recorded as ' lectotype ' and ' para- lectotype'. This was done in order to make it easier for later workers to study the genitalia of both sexes. In doing so the author has taken the greatest care to compare the original descriptions with the specimens and labels, and special remarks are made in every difficult case. For every species the total number of males and females present in the collection is recorded, the excess (if any) over the original type material being due to specimens added by Meyrick. As it was not always easy to determine the sex of specimens which had lost their bodies, such specimens are recorded as ' without abdomen '. All specimens which, in the author's opinion, had been erroneously identified by Meyrick, are marked with the present author's own determination- labels bearing what he considers to be their correct names. Through lack of time the study of the genitalia had to be restricted to species of two difficult genera, Lobesia and Bactra. No definite conclusions could be reached at the time concerning the apparent synonymy of a number of species, of which the genitalia could not then be studied. The author is greatly obliged to Mr. W. H. T. Tarns, of the British Museum (Natural History), who never tired of answering numberless questions and was always ready with kind help and suggestions. Mr. Tarns kindly helped the author with the mounting of the genitalia, which he also photographed. He has also read the proofs of this paper. Furthermore, the author is greatly obliged to Dr. T. H. C. Taylor, of the Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, for his kind suggestions and information on nomenclature. i. ASIATIC EUCOSMIDAE OTHER THAN BACTRA AND LOBESIA Genus ACROCLITA Lederer, 1859 Wien. Ent. Monatschr. 3: 329 Acroclita argyrophenga sp. nov. apyvpo-fayyris = silver-shining $ 13-14 mm. Face and palpi ochreous- whitish, vertex of head and thorax pale ochreous, suffused with brownish. Abdomen ochreous-greyish. Fore wing elongate, moderately broad, with costa curved from base to f , almost straight beyond this, apex acute, projecting, termen strongly excavate below apex, sinuate, tornus rounded, rather oblique; dull ochreous-greenish darker towards apex, an ill-defined broad transverse band at f , little outwardly oblique, separating basal area which is some- EUCOSMIDAE AND CARPOSINIDAE (MICROLEPIDOPTERA) 277 times clouded with brownish ; about n pairs of transverse streaks on costa, light with silvery gloss, especially distinct along apical f , costa narrowly dark brown between these, an ill-defined U-shaped area of scales with silvery gloss before tornus, its posterior arm before termen reaching almost to apex, its opening bearing a pair of narrow short longitudinal streaks and a few points below them jet-black. Some brownish suffusion in tornus before silvery area. Cilia brownish tinged greenish, with light basal line, their tips on apex blackish. Hind wing glossy whitish-ochreous or brownish-ochreous, tinged darker at apex. Cilia brownish-ochreous with a pale basal line. ASSAM, Khasi Hills, 'D', .6.06. 2 specimens. (Type in the British Museum.) Perhaps allied to belinda Meyrick. anachastopa Meyrick, 1934, Exot. Micr. 4: 483 (Acrodita}. Lectotype $, paralectotype $: 'Telawa, Java, K., bred .8.33'. i <, 3 $. belinda Meyrick, 1912, /. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 21: 858 (Acrodita). Lectotype $: 'Khasi Hills, Assam, .8.1906'. i $, dated .7.06, is not recorded in the description. 3 specimens. earner aria Meyrick: see madens Meyrick (syn. nov.). canthonias Meyrick, 1920, Exot. Micr. 2: 343 (Acrodita). Holotype <$: 'Pusa, Bengal, T. B. F., 9.11.17' (without abdomen). Other speci- mens from the same locality dated '6.12.15' an( i '2.3.29', and from 'Pusa, Bihar, T. B. F., bred 3.23'. 2 ^, 3 ?. catharotorna Meyrick, 1935, in Caradja and Meyrick, Mater. Chin. Prov. : 53 (Acrodita). Lectotype : ' Tien-Mu-Shan, China, H., 5300, .4.32' (without abdomen), i specimen. cheradota Meyrick, 1912, /. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 21: 856 (Acrodita). Holotype <: ' Puttalam, Ceylon, Pole, .3.04'. Allotype $: ' Pusa, Bengal, H. M. L., bred .4.07', both damaged and without abdomen. Other specimens from 'Dehra Dun, India, R. N. M., bred 4.32, 8.33'. 4 $, 2 $. chlorissa Meyrick, 1912, /. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 21: 859 (Acrodita). Lectotype $, paralectotype $: 'Khasi Hills, Assam, .10.1906'. 2 <$, i $. The second male is without abdomen and of doubtful affinity. divosa Meyrick, 1912, /. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 21: 855 (Acrodita). Lectotype <$: 'Khasi Hills, .10.1906'. 2 <$. cordelia Meyrick, 1935, in Caradja and Meyrick, Mater. Chin. Prov.: 52 (Acrodita). Holotype $: 'Shanghai, China, C., .8.32'. Described as a male by Meyrick, but found to be a female. corinthia Meyrick, 1912, /. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 21: 858 (Acrodita). Lectotype <$: 'Maskeliya, Ceylon, Pole, .5.1906'. Paralectotype ?: 'Maskeliya, Ceylon, Green, .11.1906'. 3 other specimens without abdomen from the same locality (Alston, Pole), dated .05, .06, and 10.11.12. dejiciens Meyrick, 1932, Exot. Micr. 4: 221 (Acrodita). Holotype $: 'Seneng, Java, K., 7.36'. 2 ?8 THE TYPE SPECIMENS OF CERTAIN ORIENTAL 8vn. nov. spilocausta Meyrick, 1934, Exot. Micr. 4: 484 (Acroclita}. Lectotype : 'Kegalle, Ceylon, G. C. A., .09'. Other specimens from Konkan, Bombay, L. C. Y., .05. 3 ?. anthracaspis Meyrick, 1931, in Caradja, Bull. Acad. Roum. 14: 6 (Ancylis). Lectotype <$: 'Kwanshien, China, F., .7.28'. 2 <$. aromatias Meyrick, 1912, Exot. Micr. 1: 31 (Ancylis). Lectotype : 'Pusa, Bengal, 13.1.10'. Other specimens from Dharwar, Kanara, R. M., bred .2.16 ; Khasi Hills, Assam. 2 <$, 3 . (i 2 ?. sculpta Meyrick, 1912, Exot. Micr. 1: 33 (Ancylis) comptana Frol., 1828, Enum. Tortr. Wurt. no. 242. Holotype $: 'Port Hamilton, S.E. Korea, T. B. F., 15.4.99'. Meyrick gave this synonymy later on in his Catalogue of Tortricina, &c. (in MS.). thalera Meyrick, 1907, /. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 18: 142 (Ancylis). Lectotype $, paralectotype $: 'Khasi Hills, Assam, .6.1906'. 3 ^, 9 ?. Also 2 specimens from Likiang, China, H., 13,000, .1.35, which certainly do not belong here. tumida Meyrick, 1912, Exot. Micr. 1: 30 (Ancylis). Holotype <: ' Kandy, Ceylon, Green, .9.07'. Another specimen ($ without abdo- men) from Dibidi, N. Coorg, L. N., 28.8.08. Meyrick himself fixed the $ specimen as type. Genus ANTICHLIDAS Meyrick, 1931 Bull. A cad. Roum. 14: 7 holocnista Meyrick, 1931, in Caradja, Bull. Acad. Roum. 14: 8 (Antichlidas) . Lectotype $, paralectotype $: 'Kwan Shien, China, F., 7.8.30'. i $, 3 ?. Genus CRUSIMETRA Meyrick, 1912 /. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 21: 855 anastrepta Meyrick, 1927, Ins. Samoa 3: 71 (Crusimetra) . Paratype <$: 'Haputala, Ceylon, G. C. A., .2.06'. verecunda Meyrick, 1912, /. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 21: 855 (Crusimetra). Lectotype <$, paralectotype $: 'Namunakuli, Ceylon, E. E. G., .2.10'. 3 other specimens with same data, i <$ with abdomen missing. 3 <$, 2 $. Genus ERINAEA Meyrick, 1907 /. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 18: 141 verditer Hampson, 1891, III. Lep. Het. 8: 143, pi. 156, f. 25 (Teras). Syn. of this is chlorantha Meyrick, 1907, /. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 18: 141 (Erinaea). Namunakuli, Ceylon, E. E. G., .2.10. Maskeliya, Patipola, Pole, de Mowbray, .1.04. Nilgiri Hills, Pylkara (H. L. Andrews), Palni Hills, S. India (Campbell). 5 , from Sunta Id., Timor, D., .5.92. Genitalia identical with truculenta Meyrick, 1909, which name supersedes. See truculenta Meyrick (syn. nov.). tornastis Meyrick, 1909, /. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 19: 586 (Bactra). Lectotype <$: 'Dibidi, N. Coorg, Newcome, 2.10.06' (Gen. No. 34). Paralecto- type $: 'Gooty, S. India, W. H. C., .07' (without abdomen). Other specimens from Bombay, S. India, T. B. F., .10.17, Nawalopita, Ceylon, J. T., .01, .04, and Kara- ghoda, Gudjarat, 18.9.19. 5 $, 2 ?. Genitalia < (PI. 5, fig. 18): tegumen broad, socii larger than in truculenta, weakly long-haired, cucullus with top produced and narrow, densely covered with short bristles along outer edge, distal cluster of spines a semicircular comb on a separate arm ; sacculus very broad with strong bristles along outer edge ; aedoeagus strong, moderately long, curved, no cornuti. truculenta Meyrick, 1909, /. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 19: 586 (Bactra). Lectotype <$: 'Dibidi, N. Coorg, Newcome, .3.07' (Gen. No. 27). There are two males, with this label ; being the oldest material present, they are without doubt the specimens cited in the description, i $ from Kegalle, Ceylon, T. M. M., .10.09 (Gen. No. 28). i <, i $: 'Coimbatore, India, bred .1.17, T. B. F., e. e. Cyperus rotundus', with pupal skins of both sexes attached and identical (Gen. <$ No. 29, $ No. 30). i <: 'Shanghai, China, H., 14.7.35' (Gen. No. 31), i $ idem, in .5.32 (Gen. No. 32). Other specimens from Calcutta and Pusa, Bengal; Karaghoda, Gudjarat, Dibidi, N. Coorg ; Amradhapura and Rambukkhana, Ceylon ; S. Anda- mans and Shanghai, in .2, .6, .7, .8, .10, and .12 from 1858 to 1932. u $, 7 $. In addition i specimen very worn and unidentifiable from Honolulu and i ^ which belongs to a distinct species, and is described in this paper. Genitalia <$ (PI. 5, fig. 16) : tegumen strong, broad, socii small, weakly hairy, cucullus rather broad, top rounded, with hairs and bristles along ventral edge; sacculus strong, projecting with two short spines at the top and a row of short spines at middle; distal spine-cluster on a separate arm projecting over disk of harpe between cucullus and sacculus, aedoeagus stout, curved, no cornuti. Genitalia $ (PI. 7, fig. 30) : ovipositor lobes elongate, limen a semicircular plate laterally dilated into elongate plates along edge of 8th segment, forming a vertical ridge at each side of ostium, connected by a curved transverse bar, area directly surrounding ostium more or less sclerotized. Syn. nov. scythropa Meyrick, 1911 (see above). Syn. nov. geraropa Meyrick, 1932, Exot. Micr. 4: 147 (Bactra}. Lectotype $: 'Taihoku, Formosa, S. I., .9.25' (Gen. No. 43). 2 $. The genitalia are identical with those of truculenta Meyrick, 1909, and the present name must be sunk as a synonym. ENTOM. i, 4. N n 290 THE TYPE SPECIMENS OF CERTAIN ORIENTAL Genus LOBESIA Stainton, 1859 Manual Brit. Butt. Moths 2l 266 The species belonging to this genus form a very natural group, with such a marked uniformity of colouring and markings of fore wing, that these characters scarcely can be used for the specific discrimination. Only the genotype, L. reliquana Hiibner, and L. clarisecta Meyrick, which are distinctly coloured, form an exception. The species can be separated with certainty only by the study of their genitalia, which show clear-cut specific characters in both sexes. Also the neuration of fore wing in both TEXT-FIG, i. LobesiaaeolopaM.eyri.ck, : wing neuration and head. TEXT-FIG. 2. Lobesia genialis Meyrick, wing neuration and head. males and females is quite constant ; typical is the position of vein 10, which is strongly sinuate and about three times as near to n as to 9, both veins n and 10 do not reach costa ; 8 is almost connate with 7, parting vein in female running from before 9 to the base of 7, in male scarcely traceable. Another typical feature is the sexual dimorphism: males have narrower fore wings, with costa projecting in a blunt angle at f in most species, little curved before and beyond this, while in females the fore wing is elongate- ovate, with costa gradually curved. The hind wing shows a still more striking sexual difference: in females it is of the common Eucosmid subtrapezoidal type (text-fig, i), coloured mostly greyish-brown, while in males it is apparently in a process of degenera- tion, several stages of which can be observed ; it is whitish, suffused with grey only along apical ^ or |; its basal area partly pellucid due to its. sparse covering of narrow, hair-shaped scales or hairs (genialis Meyrick). Its shape varies in different species from triangular with a narrow acute point and a very oblique, but almost straight termen (reliquana, aeolopa) to almost semicircular with the apex produced into a narrow lobe and with termen deeply concave and scobinate (genialis). Parallel to this change of shape the veins undergo a reduction : while in the male of aeolopa 2-5 are rather short but normal, in genialis 5 is very short and closely approximated to the common stalk of 3 and 4, of which the fork has disappeared entirely (text-fig. 2). An intermediate stage shows the South African sitophaga Meyrick with veins 3 and 4 very short and stalked, but termen less concave and the apical lobe still present, but much broader than in genialis ; and there is an undescribed species from Java, men- tioned below, which has no apical lobe and of which the termen is slightly concave EUCOSMIDAE AND CARPOSINIDAE (MICROLEPIDOPTERA) 291 only on vein 5, with veins 3 and 4 stalked. The abdomen in the male possesses a ventral ovate pouch of papilliform, often darkly coloured scales on each side of the ist and 2nd segments. The male genitalia with cucullus distinctly separated from the sacculus, the latter mostly with two clusters of strong spines ; two types are present : the reliquana-type without gnathos, with rather broad cucullus rounded at the top and covered with dense long bristles along the outer edge, and the less specialized genialis-type with small, spiked gnathos, and very narrow, elongate cucullus, with short, stout bristles along the outer edge, distal cluster of spines on a short, separate projection. Aedoe- agus rather long, curved, without cornuti. Spermatophore coiled. The female genitalia have a strong colliculum 1 and more or less chitinized distal edge of the 8th segment, sometimes forming a plate before the ostium. Ductus bursae moderately long. Bursa copulatrix without signa. The present genus is intermediate between Bactra Stephens and Polychrosis Rago- not. Eight species from Asia are recorded, one of them remains unnamed so far. Also xylistis Lower (Byrsoptera xylistis Lower, 1901, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust.: 77 = Polychrosis xylistis Meyrick, 1911, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 26: 256) from Australia and a specimen of an undescribed species from Queensland, placed by Meyrick in Polychrosis botrana Hiibner belong in Lobesia. aeolopa Meyrick, 1907, /. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 17: 976 (Lobesia). Lectotype <$: 'Maskeliya, Ceylon, Pole, .5.06' (Gen. No. 4). Paralectotype $: 'Maskeliya, Ceylon, Pole, .4.06' (Gen. No. 5). Other specimens from Coimbatore, S. India, T. B. F., bred .1.17 (Gen. No. 8). Formosa, Taihoku, S. I., 10.1.33 (Gen. No. 7). Further from Maskeliya, Ceylon, in .1, .3, .4, .5, .06. Dibidi, N. Coorg, L. N., .11.07. Konkan, Bombay, L. C. V., .05. 3 <, 6 $. i $ from Ceylon, Trinco- mali, E. E. G., .11.06, must be transferred tofetialis Meyrick (Gen. No. 6). Abdominal pouches ovate, genitalia $ (PI. 3, fig. 5): tegumen narrower than in preceding, cucullus rather broad, narrowed in middle, less densely bristled at top, sacculus with a large distal cluster of strong spines, proximal cluster of a few smaller spines; aedoeagus darkly sclerotized, acute; genitalia $ (PI. 4, fig. 10): ovipositor rounded, 8th segment scarcely sclerotized, colliculum very strong, dilated below, with longitudinal fold-like sclerotizations. clarisecta Meyrick, 1932, Exot. Micr. 4: 308 (Bactra). Holotype $, allotype $: 'Gulmarg, Kashmir, T. B. F., 8800, .6.31' (Gen. < No. 16, $No. 17). Genitalia $ (PI. 3, fig. 2): tegumen high, narrow, small socii present; gnathos a narrow transverse band with one horn in middle, cucullus moderately long and broad, little narrowed in middle, densely covered with strong bristles along outer edge, except at top, sacculus little separate, distal cluster of spines forming an obliquely transverse band, proximal cluster absent ; aedoeagus short, little curved. Genitalia $ (PI. 4, fig. 13) : ovipositor ovate, gth segment sclerotized, limen very narrow in middle, dilated laterally, colliculum a short cylinder. 1 Cf. A. Diakonoff, 1939. Zoo/. Meded. 21: 123. 292 THE TYPE SPECIMENS OF CERTAIN ORIENTAL dryopelta Meyrick, 1932, Exot. Micr. 4: 225 (Lobesia). Lectotype $\ 'Java, K., .6.31 ' (Gen. No. 14). i $ with the same label. (Gen. No. 15). Genitalia also compared with bred material of both sexes on Ricinus from Buitenzorg, Java (in the author's collection, Gen. $ No. D. 521, $ No. D. 522). Abdominal pouches narrow, but longer than in aeolopa. Genitalia $ (PL 3, fig. 3) : very much resembling aeolopa but with cucullus broader, its top more oblique, base more projecting outwardly, distal cluster of very strong spines extremely dense, proximal reduced to 2 small spines ; aedoeagus more dilated at base. Genitalia $ (PL 4, fig. 9) : ovipositor ovate, limen a curved narrow band, with lateral dilata- tions, with scobinate and papillate surface, colliculum very strong, with longi- tudinal sclerotizations, more dilated below than in aeolopa. fetialis Meyrick, 1920, Exot. Micr. 2: 346 (Polychrosis). Holotype <: ' Pusa, Bengal, T. B. F., bred .1.16' (Gen. No. 12). Further i $ from the same locality, bred .9.19 (Gen. No. 13). 2 <$, 2 $. Abdominal pouches rounded, small. Genitalia <$ (PL 3, fig. 6): tegumen moder- ately large, top rounded ; gnathos a little sclerotized transverse rod with 2 short, median, horn-shaped projections ; cucullus long, narrow, colourless bristles at top, strong bristles along edge below, sacculus with sparse bristles, distal cluster small but dense on a separate, rounded projection. Aedoeagus rather short, strongly sclerotized, pistol-shaped. Genitalia $ (PL 4, fig. 12) : ovipositor pointed, short, no othersclerotizations, except colliculum, which is cylindrical, with slightly scobinate surface, moderately sclerotized. genialis Meyrick, 1912, /. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 21: 869 (Lobesia). Holotype <: 'Peradeniya, Ceylon, Green, .1.08' (Gen. No. 9). i $ and i $ from Coimbatore, Ceylon, T. B. F., bred .1.17. (Gen. $ No. 10) are referrable to Lobesia dryopelta Meyrick. Abdominal pouches much narrower than in aeolopa. Genitalia $ (PL 3, fig. 4): tegumen large, top rounded; gnathos a transverse band with two curved horn- shaped median projections. Cucullus long, narrow, scobinate and bare at top, below this with short strong bristles along the edge. Sacculus moderate, sparsely bristled at top, distal cluster of spines in a comb on separate projection ; aedoeagus pistol-shaped, moderately sclerotized. proterandra Meyrick, 1921, Zool. Meded. 6: 155 (Lobesia). Shillong, Assam, T. B. F., .10.18 (Gen. No. n). Type, $, is in Leiden Museum. A $ from that museum, from the type-lot, has been dissected and the genitalia are described below (Gen. No. D. 520). Abdominal pouches moderate, rounded. Genitalia ^ (PL 3, fig. 7) : tegumen high, narrow, cucullus long, narrowed in middle, top rounded, sparsely bristled; sac- cullus with a dense distal cluster of strong spines, proximal cluster reduced to a few small spines below this; aedoeagus narrow, moderately long. Genitalia $ (PL 4, fig. n) : ovipositor narrowed at top, limen narrow, dilated laterally, colli- culum with excavate upper edge, dilated below, strong. reliquana Hiibner, 1825, Verz. bek. Schmett.: 381 (Asthenia). Japan, Wawakisan, S.I., 22.4.20 (Gen. No. 2). China, Tien-Mu-Shan, H., 1,300, EUCOSMIDAE AND CARPOSINIDAE (MICROLEPIDOPTERA) 293 4.32 (Gen. No. 3). 2 <. i $ from Japan, Tokyo, S.I., 7.8.15, is a Lobesia dryopelta Meyrick (Gen. No. i). The genitalia of both sexes (PI. 3, fig. i, <$) are exactly the same as described and figured by Pierce (Genit. Brit. Tortr. : 39, pi. 14, 1922) for reliquana. (The author also compared the original slides of Pierce.) sp. nov. I abstain from naming this distinct species, of which the $ genitalia can be seen on PL 3, fig. 8, as the only specimen (from Java, Buitenzorg, reared at the Institute for Plant Diseases on Sesamum indicum) , is too much damaged. The hind wing is narrowly triangular, with veins 3 and 4 stalked. (In the British Museum (N.H.), Gen. No. 18.) Genera PARABACTRA Meyrick and BACTRA Stephens The genitalia of the following South Asiatic and Papuan species are very much like those of the European and North American species of Bactra, for which reference maybe made to the work of Pierce, 1922 (Genit. Brit. Tortr: 40, pi. xiv), and of Hein- rich, 1926 (Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 132: 81-87, ff- 44~47> 49. 34 2 ~348), respectively. The only exceptions are foederata and sociata, which are in possession of a bifid uncus and suggest a generic difference. At the time of writing of the present paper it seemed to me preferable to leave them in Bactra until we would know more about the genitalia in this and allied genera. Two years later while this paper still awaits the opportunity of being published Mr. J. F. Gates Clarke, of the U.S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Washington, who was then working on the fixation of lectotypes in Meyrick's collec- tion at the British Museum, kindly informed me that both the above-mentioned species are congeneric with Parabactra arenosa Meyrick. Mr. Clarke studied the male genitalia of the latter species recently. He now courteously proposes that I include this finding in the present paper, to which proposal I gratefully agree. Genus PARABACTRA Meyrick, 1910 Ent. Mon. Mag. 46: 72 foederata Meyrick, 1909, /. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 19: 582 (Bactra). Lectotype <$: 'Maskeliya, Ceylon, de Mowbray, .8.04'. Paralectotype $: 'Maske- liya, Ceylon, Pole, .4.06 ' (both without abdomen), i <$, in very bad condition, from Namunakuli, Ceylon, E. E. G., .2.10 (Gen. No. 22). A very distinct species. 2 <, i ?. Genitalia $ (PL 5, fig. 14): tegumen moderate, uncus bifid, weakly haired at top, socii absent, gnathos paired: a narrow, pending filament on each side. Harpe rather narrow, elongate, with cucullus elongate-lanceolate, weakly haired, sac- cullus slightly projecting in a blunt angle, with a dense cluster of short spines along middle of margin ; aedoeagus strong, curved, cornuti a sheaf of long spines. sociata Meyrick, 1909, /. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 19: 583 (Bactra). Lectotype . These two specimens and the preceding belong undoubtedly to the same species, therefore the name autocharacta must be sunk as a synonym of Bondia characterias Meyrick. quaestrix Meyrick, 1935, in Caradja and Meyrick, Mater. Chin. Prov.: 85 (Bondia}. Lectotype $: Tien-Mu-Shan, China, H. 5300, .4.32. i specimen. xylinarcha Meyrick, 1930, Exot. Micr. 3: 589 (Bondia). Holotype ?: 'Biagi, Mambare R., 5000 ft., B. N. G., 1-4.06 (A. S. Meek)'. Genus CARPOSINA Herrich-Schaffer, 1853 Schmett. Eur. 8: 38, pi. 12, ff. i, 2 crypsichola Meyrick, 1910, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1910: 431 (Carposina). Lectotype $: 'Pura, Sumatra, D., .91'. 3 $. hercotis Meyrick, 1913, Exot. Micr. 1: 76 (Carposina}. Holotype $: 'Khasi Hills, Assam, .7.1906'. i specimen. Genus COMMATARCHA Meyrick, 1935 Exot. Micr. 4: 594 palaeosema Meyrick, 1935, Exot. Micr. 4: 594 (Commatarcha). Holotype $: 'Kyoto, Japan, S. I., .34'. i specimen. EUCOSMIDAE AND CARPOSINIDAE (MICROLEPIDOPTERA) 295 Genus HETEROGYMNA Meyrick, 1913 Exot. Micr. 1: 73 collegialis Meyrick, 1925, Exot. Micr. 3: 138 (Heterogymnd). Holotype <: 'Setekwa R., Dutch N. Guinea, M. 3000' .9.10'. i specimen. comitialis Meyrick, 1925, Exot. Micr. 3: 138 (Heterogymnd). Lectotype $: 'Weyland Mts., 6000 ft., Dutch N. Guinea. Nov.-Dec. 1920. C., F. & J. Pratt', i specimen. gyritis Meyrick, 1910, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1910: 431 (Par amor pha}. Lectotype $: 'Gunong Ijan, Malay Penins., R., .07'. Another specimen from the same locality, R. .95. 2 <$. heptanoma Meyrick, 1925, Exot. Micr. 3: 138 (Heterogymna). Holotype <: 'Central Ceram, 4600 ft., Jan. '20. C. F. & J. Pratt', i specimen. ochrogramma Meyrick, 1913, Exot. Micr. 1: 74 (Heterogymna). Lectotype $: 'Bhotan, R., .07'. Buitenzorg, Java, B., 1.3.27. Tien-Mu-Shan, China, H. 5,300, .7.32. Likiang, China, H., .8.34. 3 <, 2 ?. pardalota Meyrick, 1922, Exot. Micr. 2: 551 (Heterogymna). Lectotype <$: 'Shillong, Assam. T. B. F. .22'. Other specimens from the same locality, 5,000 ft., in .9.24 and .5.28. 2 . famulata Meyrick, 1922, Exot. Micr. 1: 72 (Meridarchis). Holotype: 'Madulsima, Ceylon, V., .5.06'. i specimen without abdomen, recorded by Meyrick as $. globifera Meyrick, 1938, Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 87: 519 (Meridarchis}. Lectotype $: 'Papua, Mt. Tafa, 8500 ft. iii, 1934. L. E. Cheesman. B.M. 1934- 321. C. 236'. 2 i without abdomen. phaeodelta Meyrick, 1906, /. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 17: 138 (Meridarchis). Lectotype #: 'Maskeliya, Ceylon, Pole, .6.05'. Other specimens from Maskeliya, Opiya, Ceylon, and from Palni Hills, S. India (Campbell), 6,000 ft., .06. 4 pa) = to cany $ 32 mm. Head glossy brownish-ochreous, face whitish. Palpi rather long, porrect, ochreous-brownish, dorsal fringe longer, pale ochreous, ventral shorter, brown. Antennal ciliations about I. Thorax brownish-ochreous, slightly mixed with brown. Abdomen pale ochreous, anal tuft ochreous. Fore wing with 3 and 4 free ; elongate, costa little curved at base, straight posteriorly, gently arched before apex, apex acute, slightly produced, termen oblique, little curved. Glossy ochreous, densely scattered with brown, which forms an indistinct central suffusion in disk above middle and a straight transverse fascia before termen ; about 5 round brown spots of somewhat raised scales in middle of disk, each narrowly edged by ground-colour; termen suffused dark brown ; costa paler posteriorly, with some 6 dark brown dots. Cilia with basal half ochreous-brownish, apical half pale-ochreous with a darker median line. Hind wing pale ochreous, cilia pale ochreous, brighter and with a median shade around apical ^ of wing. Legs pale ochreous, fore pair suffused with brown, median tibia tinged brown before apex. CENTRAL DUTCH NEW GUINEA, Mt. Goliath, about 139 longitude, 5,000-7,000 ft., Jan.-Feb. 1911 (A. S. Meek). 2 $ (Type $ in B.M.). Belongs to the trapezidla- aggerata group. Meridarchis dryas sp. nov. Spvds = a wood-nymph (J $ 19-28 mm. Head pale ochreous. Palpi rather long, ascending, brown, articula- tion between joints 2 and 3 pale ochreous. Antennal ciliations over i. Thorax pale ochreous, densely suffused with brownish. Abdomen pale ochreous, slightly suffused with greyish, anal tuft ochreous- whitish. Fore wing with 3 and 4 free; elongate, rather narrow, costa almost straight, slightly curved before apex, apex not produced, termen very slightly sinuate above, little oblique. Glossy pale ochreous, with some 6 more or less distinct oblique transverse rows of raised sandy-brownish scales, the 3rd and the 5th row dissolved into discal and sub-costal round patches of raised sandy-brownish scales ; dark coffee-brown suffusion indistinct in basal half, forming a conspicuous large discal upturned semilunar longitudinal mark in disk above middle at f , its posterior end sometimes reaching costa ; a suffused transverse dark coffee- brown fascia before termen, the latter suffused sandy-brownish, this suffusion some- what extended basally along veins ; a row of suffused dark brown dots along costa. Cilia pale ochreous, with tips and a median line brownish. Hind wing pale ochreous- greyish, brighter along edge. Cilia pale ochreous, glossy. Legs light ochreous, fore pair more, mid pair less evenly suffused with brown. ASSAM: Mao, N. Manipur, 5,000-7,000 ft., Aug.; Naga Hills, Kohima, 4,700 ft., June 1889 and Golaghat (Doherty, Paravicini Coll.). 2 <$ and a rather damaged $ (holotype $ and allotype $ in B.M.). Allied to Meridarchis aggerata Meyrick. Meridarchis ensifera sp. nov. $ $ 26-32 mm. Head and thorax whitish. Palpi long, porrect, in $ suffused brown- ish at base. Abdomen whitish, anal tuft in < pale ochreous. Fore wing with 3 and EUCOSMIDAE AND CARPOSINIDAE (MICROLEPIDOPTERA) 299 4 free ; elongate, narrow, costa gently and gradually arched along basal f , apex acute, produced, termen sinuate, very oblique. Glossy white, slightly scattered with brown- ish-greyish on apical of wing. An indistinct pale fuscous suffusion on f of costa, reaching to middle of wing. Markings dark greyish-brown: on costa a streak along base and a row of some 6 dots, along termen a row of dots on veins, a conspicuous inwardly oblique curved streak of somewhat raised scales across wing at about f , not reaching costa and dorsum ; a much narrower and paler transverse outwardly con- cave vertical streak before f , from dorsum not reaching costa, an indistinct suffusion from costa before apex to tornus. Cilia glossy greyish-whitish, with interrupted median shadow. Hind wing glossy whitish, with narrow greyish edge, cilia greyish- whitish. Legs whitish, fore pair suffused with greyish. SIKKIM, Tanglo, 10,000 ft., July 1886 (H. J. Elwes, Wals. Coll.). i $, i $, (Type $ in B.M.). Allied to Meridarchis excisa Wals. Meridarchis niphoptila Meyrick, 1930, Exot. Micr. 3: 588. CENTRAL DUTCH NEW GUINEA, Mt. Goliath, 5,000 ft., about 139 long., Mar. 1911 (A. S. Meek), i $ (Paravicini Coll.). Meridarchis reprobata Meyrick, 1920, Exot. Micr. 2: 338. S.E. BORNEO, Pulo Laut I., 1891 (Doherty) i ?, damaged (Wals. Coll.). Meridarchis rodea sp. nov. poSeos = rose coloured c $ 19-21 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi moderate, ascending in $, long, porrect in $, pale ochreous, basal half of median joint reddish-brown. Antennal cilia- tions i. Thorax pale fuscous and ochreous, tinged reddish-brown. Abdomen fuscous- greyish, anal tuft pale ochreous. Fore wing with 3 and 4 connate ; elongate, rather broad posteriorly, costa very slightly curved at base and apex, straight in middle, apex almost rounded, termen straight, little oblique, dorsum sinuate at base. Pale ochreous, except at base and before termen, suffused light fuscous, slightly tinged pink. Other markings dark reddish-brown: a suffusion of dots forming a large triangular patch from ^ to f of costa, with top reaching to middle of disk at about f ; a suffused transverse fascia almost touching termen, not reaching costa and tornus ; costa along basal half and termen suffused reddish-brown. Cilia light ochreous, with greyish longitudinal streaks, greyish in tornus. Hind wing and cilia light grey. Legs pale ochreous, fore pair suffused with brownish. DUTCH NEW GUINEA, Snow Mts., Upper Setekwa River, 2,000-3,000 ft., Sept. 1910; BRITISH NEW GUINEA, Owgarra (A. S. Meek, Paravicini Coll.). 1^,1$, damaged. (Type ^ in B.M.) Probably allied to Meridarchis erebolimnas Meyrick. Meridarchis vitiata Meyrick, 1913, Exot. Micr. 1: 72. ASSAM, Kohima, Naga Hills, 4,700 ft., June 1889 (Doherty). i 3 (Wals. Coll.). Paramorpha laxeuta Meyrick, 1906, /. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 17: 138. CEYLON, Pundaloya, 3,500-4,500 ft.; Nawalapitiya 2,000-2,500 ft.; Colombo; 1889-1891 (Green, Pole, McWood). i ^, 9 $ (Wals. Coll.). 3 oo ORIENTAL EUCOSMIDAE AND CARPOSINIDAE Picrorrhyncha atribasis sp. nov. < ii mm., $ 14-17 mm. Head glossy brownish-grey. Palpi rather long, in $ sub- ascending, dark brown, paler beneath, in $ porrect, with terminal joint narrow, cylindrical, moderate ; dark brown, with a light tip. Antennae simple. Thorax and abdomen dark brownish-grey. Fore wing with 2 from before angle ; elongate, very narrow, acutely pointed, termen almost straight, very oblique. Whitish, rather densely suffused with glossy light greyish-brown on apical J of wing and forming an elongate triangular suffusion along costa from to f , which reaches below | of wing ; basal blackish-brown, with straight inwardly oblique edge of raised blackish scales ; a continuous row of dark brown dots along costa, termen and tornus ; about 4 oblique, transverse rows of small raised dark-brown scale-tufts, indistinct and dissolved into small dark dots. Cilia brownish-grey. Hind wing with very narrow and produced apex, grey, cilia grey. Legs light, suffused dark brown along upper side, except on articulations of the tarsal joints. PUNJAB, Dharmsala, 1879 (Hocking, Wals. Coll.). i <, 4 $ (holotype $ and allotype $ in B.M.). This is the second species of this interesting genus. PRESENTED 2 7 SEP 1950 PLATE 3 MALE GENITALIA OF LOBESIA SPP, 1. L. reliquana Hiibner 2. L. clarisecta Meyrick 3. L. dryopelta Meyrick 4. L. genialis Meyrick 5. L. aeolopa Meyrick 6. L. fetialis Meyrick 7. L. proterandra Meyrick 8. L. sp. nov. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entomology I, 4 PLATE 3 4 ^J* MALE GENITALIA OF LOBESIA Photo. Tarns PLATE 4 FEMALE GENITALIA OF LOBESIA SPP. 9. L. dry opelta Meyrick 10. L. aeolopa Meyrick 11. L. proterandra Meyrick 12. L.fetialis Meyrick 13. L. clarisecta Meyrick Dull. B.M. (N.H.) Entomology I, 4 PLATE 4 r 1 10 12 13 FEMALE GENITALIA OF LOBESIA Photo. Tarns PLATE 5 MALE GENITALIA OF BACTRA SPP. 14. B. foederata Meyrick 15.5. sociata Meyrick 1 6. B, truculenta Meyrick 17. B. coronata sp. nov. 1 8. B. tornastis Meyrick 19. B. metriacma Meyrick 20. B. monochorda sp. nov. 21. B. furfurana Hiibner Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entomology I, 4 PLATE 5 14 IS 16 18 i -^ L 17 19 20 21 MALE GENITALIA OF BACTRA Photo. Tarns PLATE 6 MALE GENITALIA OF BACTRA SPP 22. B. lencogama Meyrick 23. B. honesta Meyrick 24. B. graminivora Meyrick 25. B. minima Meyrick 26. B. copidotis Meyrick 27. B. cerata Meyrick 2.8. B. phaeopis Meyrick Bull. B.M. (X.H.) Entomology I, 4 PLATE 6 > $g 22 27 23 26 25 28 Photo. Tarns MALE GEXITALIA OF BACTRA PLATE 7 FEMALE GENITALIA OF BACTRA SPP, 29. B. sociata Meyrick 30. B. truculenta Meyrick 3i.B. metriacma Meyrick 32. B. furfurana Hiibner 33. B. leucogama Meyrick 34. B. graminivora Meyrick 35. ist abdominal sternite of B. furfurana Hiibner $ 36. the same of B. graminivora Meyrick $ Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entomology I, 4 PLATE 7 32 33 " 35 36 FEMALE GEN ITALIA OF BACTRA Photo. Tarns PLATE 8 FEMALE GENITALIA OF BACTRA SPP. 37. B. copidotis Meyrick 38. B. honesta Meyrick 39. -B. cerata Meyrick 40. B. erasa Meyrick 41. B. phaeopis Meyrick 42. B. phaulopa Meyrick Entomology 7, 4 PLATE 8 37 38 4O 39 4! 42 FEMALE GEXITALIA OF BACTRA Photo. Tarns PRESENTED 2 7 SEP 1950 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD BY CHARLES BATEY PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY 5 -FEE 1951 ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER (LEP. ALUCITIDAE) STANIStAW ADAMCZEWSKI BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. i No. 5 LONDON: 1951 ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER (LEP. ALUCITIDAE) BY STANISLAW ADAMCZEWSKI Polish Museum of Zoology, Warsaw Pp. 301-388; Pis. 9-20 BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. i No. 5 LONDON: 1951 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is to be issued in five series, corresponding to the Departments of the Museum. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. J, No. 5, of the Entomological series. PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued January 1951 Price Sixteen shillings ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER (LEP., ALUCITIDAE) By STANISLAW ADAMCZEWSKI CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .... 2. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GROUP 3. TAXONOMY .... 4. MORPHOLOGY .... 5. ECOLOGY ..... 6. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 7. PHYLOGENY .... 303 304 308 310 3i3 316 320 8. SYSTEMATIC REVISION I. Genus Sphenarches Meyrick II. Genus Geina Tutt III. Genus Procapperia gen.n. IV. Genus Capperia Tutt . V. Genus Oxyptilus Zeller VI. Genus Crombrugghia Tutt VII. Generic group Trichoptilus s 9. SUMMARY .... 10. BIBLIOGRAPHY . 327 327 332 338 345 379 380 38i 382 383 i. INTRODUCTION THIS work was originally submitted for publication in the Annales Musei Zoologici Polonici in Warsaw, and was actually being printed in 1939 when a German raid destroyed the printing-house and with it my manuscript and the proofs. Fortunately drawings and notes escaped destruction, and I have therefore been able to reconstruct my work, though in a somewhat altered form. I have deliberately retained therein for documentary reasons data relating to material no longer in existence, particularly the information relating to the location of some type specimens in the Polish Museum of Zoology. The entomological collections of that institution were completely destroyed by the Germans a few years later (1944), including all the types mentioned below. Other material, including type specimens, was located in the museums of Bremen and Budapest, and I have no information as to whether this has survived the ravages of war. The results have been amplified as a consequence of the examination of supple- mentary material during my stay in London in 1947. Thus I have added two species Capperia tamsi sp.n. and Procapperia linariae Chretien which were not previously included. Many new data concerning the geographical distribution of other species have been added. The value of the results achieved has been greatly enhanced through my having the opportunity of reviewing all the available types in the British Museum (Natural History). The section dealing with the phylogeny of the group, formerly based mainly on analyses of morphology, geographical distribution, and ecological data, has been modified as a result of increased knowledge gained from a close study of the works of Wegener, Du Toit, Zeuner, and Jeannel. However, the main aim of these investiga- tions has remained the systematic revision of the group. The phylogenetic studies are only provisionally sketched to supplement the taxonomic part of the work. 304 ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF Much more material than that at present available to me, and more biological as well as genetic investigations, are necessary before an adequate phylogenetic treat- ment of the group can be attempted as a separate subject. The systematic part of this work is based mainly on the arranged material of the generic group in various European museums, but also on material of my own col- lecting. The systematics of the group have been entirely revised, including the taxonomic values of the generic and trivial names, and in the course of the work it has been found necessary to resurrect some synonyms and to distinguish some new genera and species. The classification of the group has been based mainly on the morphology of the copulatory apparatus. The whole Oxyptilus complex (sensu Zeller, 1841) has been disposed within the compass of ten genera, including one new and six resurrected genera. Of these it has been possible to work out in detail only part, viz. Capperia Tutt, Procapperia gen.n., Geina Tutt, Sphenarches Meyrick, and in part Oxyptilus Zeller and Crombrugghia Tutt. The remainder (generic group Trichoptilus s.l.) have not yet been adequately examined, though they are recognized as forming a part of this particular complex, and will, it is hoped, be worked out in detail later. A novelty in this particular study is the attempt to test the value of the classifica- tion based on morphology by taking into account the biosystematic features of the systematic units drawn from their ecology, geographical distribution, and phylogeny. Unfortunately I have so far had no opportunity to verify my conclusions by a study of the ontogeny and genetics of the species examined. Here I would like to express my thanks to the Trustees of the British Museum and to Mr. N. D. Riley, the Keeper of the Department of Entomology in the British Museum (Natural History) , for allowing me the opportunity of completing this work in that institution, and for their help in the matter of publication. I am very grateful to Mr. W. H. T. Tarns, who has charge of the Heterocera in the British Museum, and to Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, of Stroud, a recognized authority on the Alucitidae, who by their great help enabled jne to complete my manuscript, removing from my path all the difficulties I encountered in this work. The photographs on Plates X, XI, and XII were made by Mr. W. H. T. Tarns. 2. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GROUP The group of species which is the subject of this work has always been a fascinating field of study for the systematic worker. It was established by Zeller in 1841, and he described the majority of the central European species belonging here. However, the group has not been thoroughly revised during the past hundred years. Before Zeller 's publications the names of no more than three species were involved : 1. Alucita didactyla Linnaeus, 1758. 2. Alucita chrysodactyla Denis et Schiffermiiller, 1775. 3. Alucita trichodactyla Denis et Schiffermiiller, 1775. These three species are the representatives in our present classification of the three genera: Geina Tutt, Oxyptilus Zeller, and Capperia Tutt. Linnaeus in 1761 recorded THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER 305 his didactyla as feeding ' Geo rivali '. De Geer in 1771 described the biology of the same species, living on Geum rivale. Hiibner 1 in his Beitrdge (1790) published some remarks on the name ' trichodactyla des Syst. Verz.' and a few years later in the Sammlung (iSoo-ig) 1 he published the coloured figures of two forms under the same name trichodactyla. However, we now can see that his figure 18 only is trichodactyla, figure 9 being chrysodactyla. The figures of the caterpillar and pupa of trichodactyla, to- gether with the food-plant Leonurus cardiaca showing the characteristic damage, published by Hiibner in his Geschichte (1818-22) confirm us in the conclusion that Hiibner was figuring the species described later by Stange (1882) as leonuri. Laspeyres in 1805 expressed doubt whether 'didactyla Linn.' and 'didactyla Schiff.' were the same species. Charpentier, after comparing the original specimens in Schiff ermuller's collection, stated in 1821 that 'chrysodactyla Schiff.' and 'didactyla Schiff.' were identical and that they were very similar to 'trichodactyla Schiff.', and that those forms were figured by Hiibner as trichodactyla (figs. 9 and 18). It is true that Hiibner thought that the three forms belonged to the same species and clearly synonymized them in the Verzeichniss (1826) under the name trichodactyla. So far as we can judge from the data recorded in the literature, the true didactyla L. did not exist in Schiffer- muller's collection, but only a species of Oxyptilus similar to chrysodactyla, pilosellae, or ericetorum, which at that time was undescribed and was later distinguished by Zeller. Treitschke (1833), in describing the species living on Leonurus, chose from the so-called synonyms the oldest name 'didactyla L.', overlooking the fact that Linnaeus had defined that species as living on Geum rivale and not on Leonurus. Also Duponchel in 1838 used the name didactylus for the only species of the group under review known to him. Later (1845) Duponchel excluded from didactylus as a different species ' chrysodactylus W.V.', giving quite correctly the following synonymy: ' hieracii Zell. = trichodactyla Hb. fig. 9 = chrysodactyla W.V.' In 1839 Zeller for the first time became interested in this group and distinguished three species: (i) Without a spot on the hind wings (Pterophorus paludum), (2) with a spot in the middle of the third feather of the secondaries (Pterophorus tristis), and (3) Pterophorus didactylus Linn. Under the last name Zeller mixed three species: (a) genuine didactylus L. bred by De Geer on Geum, (b) trichodactylus Denis et Schiffermiiller living on Leonurus (data taken from Treitschke), and (c) his own specimens bred on Hieracium umbel- latum, and later described by him as Oxyptilus hieracii. In 1841 Zeller divided the genus Pterophorus into groups. One of them is the Oxyptilus group, which contains five species: tristis Zeller, pilosellae Zeller, obscurus Zeller (afterwards synonymized with parvidactylus Haworth) , hieracii Zeller, and trichodactylus Hiibner. Zeller was very careful not to continue Treitschke's (1833) and Duponchel's (1838) synonymy: 'trichodactylus Hbn. = didactylus L.' Therefore, not knowing (on his own showing) didactyla Linn., to which he did not allow separate status, he only stressed the simi- larity of the description of didactyla and his hieracii ; at the same time he mentioned that De Geer's description of the caterpillar showed the differences between hieracii and didactyla. Unfortunately, under the name 'trichodactylus Hb.' Zeller put the true didactyla L., as we can clearly see from his description, not knowing that in Schiffermuller's collection didactyla was not properly determined, and that both 1 For dates of Hiibner's publications vide Hemming, 1937. 306 ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF Hiibner's and Treitschke's synonymy of that species were also wrong. In the same publication Zeller discussed Schiffermuller's species, basing his views on specimens which have been recognized as identical with Schiffermuller's types in the Vienna collection. Zeller's studies resulted in the discovery that chrysodactyla D. & Schiff . is the same as hieracii Zeller, and that trichodactyla D. & Schiff. is synonymous with Oxyptilus obscurus Zeller var. b. As a pioneer expert Zeller showed himself to be remarkably competent and his opinions and notes are of the greatest value in helping us to arrive at a proper synonymy. In 1847 Zeller gave descriptions of three new species from southern Europe: Oxyptilus distans, 0. laetus, and 0. marginellus. Zeller's most complete elaboration of that group was published in 1852. There Zeller included in the genus Oxyptilus twelve species: kollari Stainton, tristis Zeller, distans Zeller, laetus Zeller, wahlbergi Zeller, coffer Zeller, pilosellae Zeller, hieracii Zeller, ericetorum Zeller, trichodactylus Hiibner, obscurus Zeller, and marginellus Zeller. At the same time he included in the genus Aciptilia two species, paludum Zeller and siceliota Zeller, wrongly associated by later systematists with the genus Trichoptilus, together with Zeller's Oxyptilus wahlbergi. Although in Zeller's genus Oxyptilus we see species belonging to six genera (see Systematic Revision, pp. 327 et seq.} , we must credit Zeller with correctly separating his own species paludum and siceliota from wahlbergi. From the species included by Zeller in Oxyptilus only wahlbergi and coffer were re- moved by later authors to the newly described genera Trichoptilus and Sphenarches, and once again trichodactylus Hiibner was wrongly treated as a synonym of didactyla L. The genus Trichoptilus was described by Walsingham in 1880 for the North American species pygmaeus Walsingham. Later the species siceliota Zeller and palu- dum Zeller (vide Meyrick, 1886), of completely different morphology, were wrongly added to this genus. The genus Sphenarches was described by Meyrick (1886) for Zeller's coffer. Walsingham (1887) wrongly stated that the North American species periscelidactylus Fitch also belonged here (vide genus Geina Tutt). This systematic arrangement has been maintained right up to the present day. Zeller's systematics, which made a great step forward a hundred years ago, are far from perfect. Zeller united in one genus various forms very far apart from each other. To-day species known to Zeller as Oxyptilus are classified in six different genera, and this position would have been attained long ago had not the recognized authorities on the so-called Microlepidoptera Staudinger and Rebel on the Continent, and Meyrick in England, with the majority of their colleagues and most of the collectors, remained so con- servative and adverse to any deeper investigation into the systematics of this group. I must, however, draw particular attention to the work of one student of the Lepi- doptera, namely, J. W. Tutt. In volume v of his remarkable work A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera (1907) Tutt elaborated a reformed classification of the British Alucitidae, based not only on the external morphology of the imagines, but on the synthesis of all the available features of the imagines, together with the morphological and ecological characteristics of the early stages. One may lay particular stress on Tutt's profound grasp of the taxonomy of this group, because other students, working on much richer material from a terrain far wider than Britain, have failed to appre- ciate the systematics of this group in their proper proportions. Tutt divided the species at that time included in Oxyptilus Zeller into the following genera : Oxyptilus THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER 307 Zeller, Crombrugghia Tutt, Geina Tutt, and Capperia Tutt. He created also a genus Buckleria Tutt for paludum Zeller, formerly wrongly placed in Trichoptilus Walsing- ham. For the same reasons Tutt created another new genus Stangeia for the south European species siceliota Zeller. Unfortunately Tutt did not describe some of his new genera and through lack of such descriptions they may be considered by some systematists as nomina nuda. On the other hand, when Tutt proposed a new genus for a particular species, he proposed a monotypic genus with a type and this is accepted by the majority of taxonomists. Tutt classified the European species known to him, then grouped in the two genera Oxyptilus Zeller and Trichoptilus Walsing- ham, in six genera, excluding Walsingham's genus Trichoptilus from the European fauna. Unfortunately Tutt's classification was not only rejected, but it met with criticism and disapproval. Meyrick (1913) synonymized all Tutt's genera. Barnes and Lindsey (1921), in their Monograph of North American Plumes, criticized Tutt's systematics in a way that merely reflects discredit on themselves. Quite apart from that, they wrote : ' We follow Meyrick's synonymy. Geina Tutt is, of course, a synonym of Pterophorus. We are not familiar with the types of Capperia and Crombrugghia in nature but from Tutt's remarks we judge these genera to be of the same character as others of his, and therefore happily suppressed. We regard a genus as a systematic unit and not a biological division and feel that when it loses its value for classification it has lost the right to exist.' The scientist of to-day aims at a natural classification of living organisms, based on all the available data ; the too-slavish adherence to the artificial systematics of the past century has brought taxonomy down to a level very low in the estimation of the scientific world. In fact, taxonomy should be the most important science, being the synthesis of all biological sciences. Barnes and Lindsey, as followers of the out-of-date systematic school of Rebel and Meyrick, fell into many errors. Their synonymy of families and genera is full of mistakes (compare with Fletcher's synonymy of Plumes, Fletcher, 1931). That same systematic outlook, based on a superficial review of the morphology of the imagines, resulted in the faulty interpretation of some of the data available in the American literature. McDunnough (1923, 1927, 1933) was able to make some satisfactory corrections of Barnes and Lindsey's mistakes owing to his more comprehensive knowledge of ecology. The synonymy of the North American Plumes proposed by Barnes and Lindsey seems to be so unnatural that a complete revision of that material is required, especially in con- nexion with the geographical distribution of the species. The failure of some museum systematists to appreciate the importance of biological data has led to many errors, particularly with regard to the geographical distribution of species, and, in consequence, further research based mainly on statements in literature has led to further mistakes. To return to the group under discussion, its division into the three genera Oxyptilus Zeller, Trichoptilus Walsingham, and Sphenarches Meyrick, has undergone little change right up to the present day. The number of species recognized reached 112, nearly half of them described by Meyrick (47 species exclusive of synonyms) , from all parts of the world. The new genus and species Megalorrhipida palaestinensis described by Amsel in 1935 was synonymized as Trichoptilus defectalis Walker (Amsel, 1940). However, as we shall see, the generic name Megalorrhipida will have to be reinstated. In my note (1939) I showed the necessity of keeping the generic name Capperia Tutt, 38 ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF and I described the differences between this genus and Oxyptilus Zeller. But it was not correct to synonymize the genera Capperia Tutt and Geina Tutt, which differ in every respect. 3. TAXONOMY The generic group Oxyptilus (sensu lato) has been divided into three genera, Sphenarches Meyrick, Trichoptilus Walsingham, and Oxyptilus Zeller, but a further analysis of the whole group shows that these really comprise two entirely different groups. One is represented by the two genera Sphenarches Meyrick and Oxyptilus Zeller, and the other by Trichoptilus Walsingham. A part of the first group is worked out in detail in this paper. This part, except for some newly described species, contains the species formerly reckoned as belonging to the genera Sphenarches Meyrick and Oxyptilus Zeller, and distributed below between the following six genera: Sphenarches Meyrick, Capperia Tutt, Procapperia gen.n., Geina Tutt, Oxyptilus Zeller, and Crombrugghia Tutt. The species belonging to Oxyptilus Zeller and Crombrugghia Tutt have been taken into account in a general way only because all my notes and drawings relating to these species were destroyed during the war. They will be especially revised in a separate publication. Further, the species belonging to the second group (Trichoptilus, sensu lato) are taken into account only as material for comparison, and will also need to be worked out in detail. For the time being I have divided the second group into four genera : Megalor- rhipida Amsel, Trichoptilus Walsingham, Stangeia Tutt, and Buckleria Tutt. The North American species of the second group probably belong not only to Trichoptilus Walsingham and Megalorrhipida Amsel, but also to genera not yet separately estab- lished. The detailed working out of these species is a matter for further investiga- tions. In the present paper I use the generic and specific names in accordance with the following arrangement : I. Genus Sphenarches Meyrick. 1 . caffer Zeller typus generis ( = walkeri Walsingham) . 2. anisodactylus Walker (= diffusalis Walker = synophrys Meyrick = ? chroesus Strand) . 3. Ontario McDunnough. 4. zanclistes Meyrick. II. Genus Geina Tutt. 1. didactyla Linnaeus typus generis (= brunneodactyla Milliere). 2. kuldschaensis Rebel. 3. periscelidactyla Fitch. 4. tenuidactyla Fitch (= nigrociliatus Zeller = cygnus Barnes et Lindsey). 5. .buscki McDunnough. III. Genus Procapperia gen.n. 1. maculata Constant typus generis. 2. linariae Chretien. 3. anatolica Caradja. 4. croatica sp.n. 5. pelecyntes Meyrick. IV. Genus Capperia Tutt. 1. britanniodactyla Gregson typus generis (= heterodactyla Haworth, Tutt, Meyrick, nee Muller, Villers; = teucrii Jordan). 2. celeusi Frey (= inter cisus Meyrick). 3. washbourni sp.n. 4. ningoris Walsingham. 5. evansi McDunnough. 6. trichodactyla Denis et Schiffermuller (= leonuri Stange = affinis Miiller- Rutz). 7. fusca Hofmann. 8. fusca Hofmann n. forma marrubii. 9. tamsi sp.n. 10. raptor Meyrick. 11. hellenica sp.n. THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER 39 12. lorana Fuchs. 13. marginella Zeller. 14. zelleri sp.n. 15. polonica sp.n. 1 6. maratonica sp.n. 17. fl etcher i sp.n. 1 8. geodactyla Fuchs. Genus Crombrugghia Tutt. 1. distans Zeller typus generis. 2. laetus Zeller. 3. lantoscanus Milliere. 4. tristis Zeller. 5. hollar i Stainton. VI. Genus Oxyptilus Zeller. 1. pilosellae Zeller typus generis. 2. ericetorum Stainton (= ericetorum Zeller). 3. chrysodactylus Denis et Schifferrniiller ( hieracii Zeller). 4. parvidactylus Haworth (= obscurus Zeller). 5. bohemanni Wallengren. 6. delavaricus Zeller. 7. hoffmannseggi Moschler. Of the above-mentioned species I have not seen three, namely, geodactyla Fuchs, anatolica Caradja, and kuldschaensis Rebel. Until I have been able to obtain material of these species I cannot with certainty give them their proper systematic position, but judging from the available information I have provisionally given them places in my scheme. For example, judging from Fuchs 's description (1903) I believe that geodactyla belongs to Capperia. It is possible that geodactyla is a synonym of Oxyptilus hoffmannseggi, a very little known species recorded also from the same locality in Armenia (Caradja, 1920). Fuchs, in his description of geodactyla, says that this species is very similar to celeusi and we know how often celeusi is confused with hoffmannseggi. However, acting only on supposition, we cannot put geodactyla into the synonymy, the more so as Fuchs was a competent specialist in the Plume- moths. Similarly, Rebel's description (1914) of Oxyptilus kuldschaensis indicates a close similarity to the very characteristic and distinct species Geina didactyla Linnaeus. For that reason I have put kuldschaensis in the genus Geina Tutt. The easiest to settle was the question of anatolica. Amongst material from Asia Minor I found a species previously unknown to me belonging to the genus Procapperia. The origin of the specimens, and their agreement in some important features with Caradja's description, have induced me provisionally to determine them as anatolica. I have based my description on these specimens, and I hope that Caradja's type belongs to the same species. The second part of the group Oxyptilus (sensu lato) is an evolutionary line closely related to the first part, which is the main theme of the present paper. This second part needs further and detailed working out, but provisionally I have arranged it in the following order: Genus Megalorrhipida Amsel. i. defectalis Walker typus generis. Generic group Trichoptilus Walsingham. 1 . pygmaeus Walsingham typus generis. 2. californicus Walsingham. 3. lobidactylus Fitch. 4. parvulus Barnes and Lindsey. ENTOM. I, 5. P p III. Genus Buckleria Tutt. 1. paludum Zeller typus generis. 2. paludicola Fletcher. IV. Genus Stangeia Tutt. 1. siceliota Zeller typus generis. 2. x erodes Meyrick. 310 ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF V. Mixed generic group. and Crombrugghia), but some belong to This group contains species whose exact new genera not yet described. Probably generic position has not yet been de- here should be placed Meyrick's causodes termined. Amongst tropical species de- and some other Indo-Malayan and neo- scribed as Oxyptilus or Trichoptilus there tropical forms differing very much in are some belonging to the genera enu- their external appearance from the above- merated above (except exclusively hoi- mentioned genera, arctic, like Capperia, Geina, Oxyptilus, I have adopted the generic names Sphenarches Meyrick and Megalorrhipida Amsel (here revived by me) as according to the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature they are available and valid, but both the genera to which I have assigned these names need redefining, as their creators had not the slightest idea of their proper scope, or of the synonymy or geographical distribution of the species belonging to them. In connexion with the systematic review given above, attention may be drawn to the number of species in each genus. The first group, being better known, particularly in respect of the old world fauna, gives us, perhaps, figures more nearly approximated to those actually occurring in nature. It appears that older genera are more simple in morphological structure and the differences between their species are less pronounced. According to those criteria we may regard the genera Megalorrhipida and Sphenarches as the oldest, and Capperia and Oxyptilus as the youngest in the group under dis- cussion. 4. MORPHOLOGY The very delicate structure of the Alucitidae makes them difficult to preserve in good, undamaged condition, and the material in the several collections which I used for my work was in great part more or less worn, and sometimes even too bad for determination by external appearance only. The species with which we are here concerned are so similar to one another that external appearance is often insufficient for accurate determination. Some of them, as, for example, Capperia celeusi Frey or Oxyptilus parvidactylus Haworth, appear in various forms, sometimes resembling other species. These forms are not sufficiently differentiated to be considered as separate species. Lack of material prevented me from deciding if they were geo- graphical or ecological forms and I found myself quite unable to work out a key for the determination of the species by external appearance. Such work would be possible if we could collect long series of unblemished bred specimens from various localities for the purpose of studying the mutability of species and their sexual and seasonal dimorphism. In view of the difficulties with which I was confronted I was compelled to take into account in my descriptions the external appearance of species to a limited extent only. My classification is therefore based mainly on the morphology of the copulatory apparatus, supported in addition by ecological data. External appearance in the present group is very misleading, and I found myself obliged to describe several new forms, in spite of the existence of many old synonyms. For documentary reasons I have cited old published determinations based on external appearance only. The great number of the mistakes in determination is character- istic of this difficult group. THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER 311 During my examination of the copulatory apparatus I have especially taken note of the degree of sclerotization as well as the degree of specialization of its structure as a whole or in its parts. The following types of structure in the male copulatory apparatus are distinguishable: Ninth segment. 1. Slightly differentiated into parts. Tergum clearly joined with sternum by the pleurae (Megalorrhipida) . 2. Distinctly differentiated into separate parts. Tergum not specialized, sternum slightly specialized (Sphenarches, Procapperia). 3. Distinctly differentiated. Tergum not specialized, sternum strongly specialized (Capperia, Geina) . 4. Distinctly differentiated. Tergum strongly specialized, sternum very weakly developed (Oxyptilus, Crombrugghia) . Valva. 1. Not specialized, flap-like, unarmed (Sphenarches, Megalorrhipida). 2. Little specialized, differentiated into basal and distal parts, unarmed (Procapperia, Geina) . 3. Very specialized, weakly sclerotized, armed (Oxyptilus, Crombrugghia). 4. Very specialized, strongly sclerotized, elaborately armed (Capperia). Aedeagus. 1. Not specialized, tube-like, faintly sclerotized, slightly curved, not armed (Megalorrhipida, Sphenarches) . 2. Little specialized, basal part more developed, tube-like, slightly curved, not armed (Geina, Oxyptilus). 3. More specialized, strongly curved, strongly sclerotized, not armed (Procapperia). 4. Very specialized, very strongly curved, very strongly sclerotized, armed (sometimes asymmetrically) (Capperia). Analysing the results we can arrange the above-mentioned genera according to the specialization of their genitalia in the following order: Megalorrhipida, Sphenarches, Procapperia, Geina, Crombrugghia, Oxyptilus, Capperia (putting Sphenarches in the second place because it has a more strongly developed uncus than Megalorrhipida}. Similarly, as in the preceding paragraph I place Megalorrhipida and Sphenarches at the beginning of the scale, and at the end Oxyptilus and Capperia. A study of the wing colour and pattern gives us the following grouping: 1. Weak pigmentation, wings coloured yellow or light brown (Sphenarches, Megalorrhipida). 2. Pigmentation a little stronger, wings coloured dark yellow with transitions to rusty, brownish, or greyish tints (Procapperia, Crombrugghia). 3. Pigmentation very strong, wings coloured light brown, rusty to dark brown, with reddish, greyish, or blackish tints (Oxyptilus, Capperia). Ranging the genera in accordance with their degree of pigmentation one arrives at the same order as before. The American entomologist Braun (1914) studied the phylogeny of the genus Lithocolletis (Lepidoptera) and drew a phylogenetic tree of this genus composed of five branches representing differently coloured species. According to the plates given by her the oldest, ancestral form was coloured light yellow, but the oldest recent 312 ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF forms are dark yellow. Young recent forms vary from yellow to dark brown and grey, younger forms are dark yellow or light brown, and the youngest are brown only. The result of my own studies on the Alucitidae are similar, i.e. the older evolutionary lines exhibit faint pigmentation, and during their evolution they become more and more pigmented and the wing-colour gradually changes from yellow, through rusty, reddish, greyish, to dark brown. I have not made an exhaustive study of the wing-venation in the Oxyptilus group, but I have compared the drawings given by Amsel (1935) of Megalorrhipida and by Barnes and Lindsey (1921) of Trichoptilus, According to these authors Trichoptilus has a more complex venation than Megalorrhipida, which has fewer nervures. I do not feel that the drawings are quite accurate. The structure exhibited by Megalor- rhipida is very primitive and ancestral compared with that displayed in Trichoptilus, a state of affairs to be seen similarly in the genus Sphenarches, which is ancestral to Capperia. The evolutionary tendency towards reduction of wing-surface in the Plume-moths is familiar, and it is clear that there is at the same time a reduction in the number of veins. As the derived form cannot have more veins than the ancestral, I conclude that the drawings I have mentioned above leave room for some doubt as to their correctness. The reduction of wing-surface is also to be observed in the group Oxyptilus (sensu lato) if one compares the hind angle of the primaries of the different genera. The evolutionary older forms like Sphenarches or Geina have this hind angle very distinct, but in the younger genera it is gradually disappearing, e.g. very slight in Oxyptilus, scarcely visible in Capperia. The analysis of pattern and maculation of the wings would also probably show the trend of evolutionary lines in the group Oxyptilus (sensu lato). Unfortunately I had not before me sufficiently fresh specimens to make adequate studies of these features. The degree of specialization of several external morphological features ranges the genera of the group in an order similar to that arrived at by a study of the male genitalia; the majority of the primitive features characterize the genera Sphenarches and Megalorrhipida. In consequence these two genera are very closely related. Most probably they are both derived from a not too distant common ancestor. However, in spite of their close relationship, these two genera belong to two distinct evolutionary lines. One of them leads to Procapperia, Geina, Capperia, Oxyptilus, and Crom- brugghia, the other one (i.e. Megalorrhipida) to Trichoptilus, Buckleria, and Stangeia. It is interesting to see in both lines parallel directions of evolution, and a certain amount of similarity exists not only in the simplest but in the more specialized forms. For example, representatives of both the lines mentioned, Buckleria and Oxyptilus, have similar segmentation of the valva (vide plates of Hofmann, 1896). Also the genera Capperia and Stangeia have the aedeagus transformed into a very strongly sclerotized organ, armed with asymmetrical processes. In connexion with these remarks on evolution one must take into consideration that they concern the rela- tionship of the structures of recent living forms belonging to different genera, and the occurrence of similarity between two genera cannot be taken as proof of the derivation of these genera from one another. Nevertheless I think it happens sometimes. THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER 313 I realize that it would be easy to call in question my evaluation of the grade of evolution based on a simple macroscopic review of morphological features. Doubtless it would be very useful to have genetically known material for investigation of the histology and the last stadium of development in the pupa. With such material it should be easy (in accordance with biogenetic laws) to find evidence in support of my ideas of the phylogenesis of the group under discussion. Without ontogenetic investigations it is really difficult sometimes to decide whether a particular feature is retrogressive or progressive, and which form is more specialized or more primitive. However, as I have no opportunities for such investigations, I shall do my best in the following sections to adduce further evidence in support of my ideas about evolutionary trends in the group Oxyptilus. 5. ECOLOGY We have few ecological particulars relating to this interesting group. On the basis of my own observations on the ecology of certain palaearctic species I am able to interpret certain other published ecological data relating to the Oxyptilus group. I have found, further, some interesting observations published under wrongly used names, and many that need to be verified by field observations. Some biological particulars have been published by American entomologists. Barnes and Lindsey (1921) revised the North American Alucitidae (under the name Pterophoridae) , basing their work on the morphology of the imagines. They failed to take care to relate the synonymy to the available ecological data, scanty as the valid informa- tion on nearctic plumes unfortunately is. Tropical species are the least known from the ecological point of view, for we know so few life-histories. In the group under review there exist very dissimilar grades of specialization of species and genera in the selection of food-plants. Our knowledge in this matter is as follows : The genus Capperia is the most specialized. All the known food-plants of the species belong solely to the Labiatae, which is one of the most highly developed groups of plants (Hutchinson, 1926). Separate species of the genus Capperia often feed on different but closely related species of plants, as, for example, C, britannio- dactyla on Teucrium scorodonia, C. celeusi on T. chamaedrys, and C. polonica on a so far undetermined species of Teucrium of the chamaedrys group. Monophagy is a prominent feature of this genus. I carried out some experiments with larvae of C. fusca feeding on Stachys alpina. I gave them the very similar plant Stachys sylvatica, but they all died of starvation, refusing to touch it. Similarly, larvae of C. trichodactyla transferred from their food-plant Leonurus cardiaca to Ballota nigra refused to touch it. The genera Oxyptilus and Crombrugghia are limited to the Compositae, but at least some of the species belonging to these genera are oligophagous. Crombrugghia distans has been recorded from Crepis tectorum, C. virens, and Picris hieracioides , all Com- positae closely related to each other. Oxyptilus parvidactylus has been recorded as feeding on Hieracium pilosellae and H. laevigatum (Tutt, 1907). Other plants such as Marrubium, Stachys, and Thymus have been erroneously recorded for 0. parvidactylus. 314 ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF The Compositae are an intensively developed group high on the phylogenetic tree- of plants (Hutchinson, 1926), and contain many poorly differentiated and often inter- crossing forms, as, for example, species of Hieracium. There is some correlation in the wide variability of Compositae-feeding Plume-moths of the genera mentioned above. For example, the species parvidactylus and distans are both very variable in size and colour. The genus Geina is less specialized in the selection of food. Species of this genus feed on plants belonging to Rosaceae and Ampelideae like Geum, Potentilla, Rubus, and Vitis. According to Hutchinson (1926) both these families are less developed than the Labiatae. The Geina species are not monophagous and they can thrive on some nearly related species of plants belonging to Rosaceae or Ampelideae. I discovered larvae of Geina didactyla on Geum rivale, Geum urbanum, and Potentilla rupestris. When I changed the larvae from any one of the three mentioned plants to another, they survived the change very well. Hofmann (1896) and Schiitze (1931) cited also Leonurus cardiaca and Veronica officinalis as food-plants of didactyla, but these are manifestly incorrect data. I tried these plants as food for larvae of didactyla, but they would not touch them and they died of starvation. We know only three species of food-plants for the genus Procapperia. These are Scutellaria demnatensis for the African Procapperia linariae (Powell, 1922), Scutellaria discolor for the Indian P. pelecyntes (Fletcher, 1921), and Scutellaria alpina for the European P. maculata (Chretien, 1922). As far as we at present know the larvae of Procapperia species live only on Labiatae, but data relating to this genus are few and incomplete. The genus Sphenarches is perhaps the least specialized as regards the selection of food-plants, the larvae being markedly polyphagous. The following food-plants have been recorded for Sphenarches anisodactylus (but under the name Sphenarches caffer see Systematic Revision): Lagenaria vulgaris (calabash), Luff a sp. (Cucurbitaceae) , Dolichos lablab, Cajanus indicus, Mimosa pudica (Leguminosae) , Averrhoa bilimbi, Biophytum sensitivum (Geraniaceae) , Hibiscus mutabilis (Malvaceae) (see Fletcher, 1920, 1921). Hori (1931) cited also Phaseolus vulgaris (Leguminosae). Thus S. aniso- dactylus is a polyphagous insect feeding on at least nine species of plants belonging to four different families, none of which is a top group in the evolutionary tree given by Hutchinson (1926) ; in fact Cucurbitaceae and Leguminosae belong among the more primitive flowering plants. As for food-plants belonging to other genera, the data are not sufficient to make comparisons possible. Analysing the above-mentioned families, we are able to distinguish among them the three following groups : 1. Primitively organized flowering plants (Cucurbitaceae). 2. More highly organized plants, groups comparatively young with many not very distinct species (Rosaceae, Compositae). 3. Very highly organized older forms having specific features very distinct (Labiatae). Having regard to their food-plants, we can divide the species discussed above as follows : i. Polyphagous, feeding on many different species of plants not necessarily even related to each other. THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER 315 2. Oligophagous, feeding on a few species of nearly related plants. 3. Monophagous, feeding exclusively on one single species of plant. Analogically we can divide the genera of the insects. For example, the genus Capperia, living only on one family Labiatae, we can call a ' monophagous genus '. Summarizing the data discussed above we characterize the genera included in Oxyptilus (sensu lato) as belonging to four groups : 1. The most primitive, containing the polyphagous species (Sphenarches) . 2. A little more specialized, containing the oligophagous species, living on a few families of plants (Geina}. 3. Yet more specialized, containing the oligophagous species living on one iamily of plants only (Oxyptilus, Crombrugghia) . 4. The most specialized, containing the monophagous species (Capperia and probably Pro- capperia) . From this division the following points emerge. The genus Sphenarches, which we regard as the least specialized morphologically, possesses also the most primitive habit of polyphagy. With increasing morphological specialization this primitive habit became more and more restricted, until ultimately the most morphologically specialized ' monophagous ' genus Capperia contains the monophagous species only, all living on closely related species of plants of one family. As a result of this study another significant fact emerges. The forms of the group under discussion, while passing from polyphagy to monophagy (and becoming more and more phylogenetically old), at the same time change primitive food-plants for more and more specialized (phylogenetically older) forms of food-plants. The number of generations produced during the season provides also a very important indication of the extent of the phylogenetic evolution of the group. There is little useful information on this subject. From my own observations and judging from the verifiable data extracted from the literature, I am able to state that the species belonging to Capperia produce two generations a year (fusca, celeusi, tricho- dactyla, britanniodactyla, lor ana). In the genus Crombrugghia two generations are produced (distans, tristis], and I think it is also probable that two generations are produced in the genus Procapperia (judging from the appearance of fresh specimens of maculata and linariae taken in August). The species of Oxyptilus appear in one generation (pilosellae, parvidactylus, ericetorum, chrysodactylus}. Likewise in the genus Geina, the only European species, didactyla, appears in a single generation. All these data relate to forms living in a temperate climate. The length of the period of development of a single generation and the number of generations during a season appear to be correlated with the degree of specialization of the forms in question. In the case of an increased number of generations greater efficiency and a speeding up of the ontogenetic process is indicated. In other words, the more specialized forms multi- ply more efficiently and at a greater rate. From the data I have given relating to the above-mentioned genera I conclude that Capperia and Procapperia are further advanced in their evolution than Geina, and Crombrugghia should be regarded as a more specialized evolutionary line than Oxyptilus. It is commonly recognized that the number of generations depends upon the climatic conditions. Of this there is no doubt, but that does not explain the whole question. 316 ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF In warmer countries as the season of vegetation becomes longer, the number of generations increases ; but the number of generations is not the most important thing. More important is the length of time taken in the development of one generation the speed of its development. The two generations of Capperia and Crombrugghia, in Europe, are not to be ex- plained by their geographical distribution extending farther to the south than that of Oxyptilus and Geina, which have one generation only. On the contrary, in some cases these double-brooded genera live in a much colder climate than single-brooded genera, but they do not lose their bivoltine characteristics. For example, Capperia fusca, even when living in very high and cold places in the Alps or in the Tatra mountains, produces the same two generations that it does in much lower warmer spots. Capperia trichodactyla in north Poland has two generations as in south Poland. Geina didactyla is unable to produce a second generation because it occurs on Geum rivale grown in shady humid alder woods, but even when it occurs in very sunny warm places on Potentilla rupestris and emerges a few weeks sooner, it still fails to produce more than one generation. Oxyptilus chrysodactylus, like other species of this genus, produces one generation in July-August even in south Europe (the numerous data in the literature concerning this species under the name hieracii are sometimes erroneous) . It seems that the number of generations depends rather more on specializa- tion of a species and on its phylogenetic development than on climatic conditions. 6. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION The first group of genera is much better known systematically and one can thus fairly accurately define its geographical distribution. It is very characteristic for each genus. In the genus Sphenarches there are known four species only: South African, S. coffer (Natal, Caffraria) ; North American, S. Ontario (Canada) ; Burmese, S. zanclistes (mountains in Central Burma, 21 N. lat.) ; and S. anisodactylm with an extremely interesting distribution. This species lives only in tropical countries, from which it has been recorded under various names. It has a very wide distribution. Following careful studies of the genitalia I have been able to verify the occurrence of anisodactylus in the following countries : Peru, West Indies, West Africa, Madagascar, India, Ceylon, eastern Australia, New Hebrides. In addition, I have very little doubt that many of the records made under the name Sphenarches coffer refer to S. aniso- dactylus, particularly those from the following countries: Brazil, French Guiana, Central Africa, East Africa, Mauritius, Maldive Is., Burma, Sumatra, Java, Philip- pines, Japan, China, New Guinea, Tenimber, Tonga, Samoa. The same widely distributed species known formerly under the name coffer was also recorded from extra- tropical countries like Palestine and South Africa, but these records do not refer to anisodactylus but to other species (true coffer and Capperia maratonica] . A revision is required of the records from China (30 N.) and Japan (Hering, 32 N. ; Hori, 31- 46 N.) given by Hering (1903), Hori (1931), and Caradja and Meyrick (1935). The drawings of male genitalia given by Hori (1931) under the name coffer confirm the occurrence of anisodactylus in Japan ; at the same time, however, his records from north Japan (46 N.) are very doubtful. According to Meyrick (1927) this species THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER 317 (termed by him caffer] is probably distributed throughout all the tropical countries of the world. Its presence on very isolated Pacific islands is explained by Meyrick as the result of human activity, i.e. as a species introduced with cultivated plants. Even if this happened on some Pacific islands, it is not a sufficient explanation for the presence of this species in many other tropical countries very isolated from each other. Prob- ably further physiographical investigations will disclose the presence of anisodactylus on quite isolated spots having no imported cultivated plants at all. It is very interesting that this very common polyphagous species is at present unknown in Hawaii and in New Zealand where the fauna has been carefully studied. Both are fairly large countries which have been intensively cultivated for a long time, and into which numerous species of animals and plants have been especially introduced for acclimatization ; however, anisodactylus does not occur in either. There are known five species in the holarctic genus Geina. Three of them are North American, one European reaching western Asiatic countries, and one known only from Asia (Tian-Shan Mts.). This genus is widely distributed northwards in both hemispheres, alike in Europe and in the United States and Canada. Geina didactyla is a commonly distributed species in middle and north European countries. Westwards it reaches France and eastwards the Balkan states (Bulgaria) and Asia Minor. It is very peculiar that didactyla does not occur in the British Isles although its food-plants commonly grow there. G. didactyla should be much more widely distributed eastwards in north-west Asia, but we have as yet no data from there. The genus Pwcapperia is represented by Mediterranean and Indo-Malayan species. Four Mediterranean species are known from Morocco (linariae) , southern France (macu- lata), Croatia (croatica], and Asia Minor (anatolica). One species lives in Ceylon (pelecyntes) . Most probably some other Indo-Malayan species of Oxyptilus (sensu lato) belong also to Procapperia. The genus Capperia is holarctic like Geina, but is distributed more to the south than Geina. Out of seventeen known species only two are American, viz. ningoris from the middle and south of the United States and evansi from south Canada. The remaining fifteen species are distributed in western and middle Europe and in the European and Asiatic parts of the Mediterranean area. In this area the species of Capperia live very locally and only a few are more widely distributed. No species are known from North Africa. The northern limit of distribution of the genus Capperia in the eastern hemisphere approximately coincides with the southern limits of the Pleistocene glaciation. This line is crossed here and there by Capperia trichodactyla wandering along the rivers Vistula and Oder from southern Poland northwards. In North America C. ningoris shows a similar distribution in the south and middle United States southwards from the limit of glaciation. Along the warm shores of the Pacific only does this species extend farther northwards and reach British Columbia (Black- more, 1922). Quite an exception in the genus is the second American species, evansi, which has wandered as far as southern Canada. Capperia britanniodactyla is distributed in England, Belgium, and in the Rhine valley. The northern and middle parts of the British Isles were glaciated, leaving south and parts of central England only free of glaciation (Zeuner, 1945). The distribution of Capperia britanniodactyla in England ENTOM. i, 5. Q q 3i8 ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF accords almost exactly with these limits. The European and Asiatic species of the genus Capperia are distributed as follows : 1. West European group, containing two species: britanniodactyla (England, Belgium, Rhineland) and lorana (Rhineland). 2. Central European group, containing three species: celeusi (Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, south Poland, Alps, Bavaria, Thuringia, French Pyrenees) ; trichodactyla (Poland, Germany, Austria, Switzerland) ; fusca (south Poland, Switzerland, north-east France, Croatia, Greece). 3. Euro-Asiatic group, containing three species: hellenica (south France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, Asia Minor) ; tamsi (Spain, Asia Minor, Syria) ; maratonica (Yugoslavia, Greece, Palestine). 4. Mediterranean, insular group, containing three species: polonica (Sardinia, Prince Is.) ; zelleri (Sicily) ; marginella (Sicily). 5. Asiatic group, containing three species: washbourni (Asia Minor, Syria, Pales- tine) ;fletcheri (Palestine) ; geodactyla (Armenia). Thus two species only live in the northern part of west Europe, in middle Europe three, in south Europe six, and in east Mediterranean countries seven. The number of species of Capperia increases towards the south-east ; southwards the distribution area of this genus ends on to the Mediterranean islands, but no species is found or recorded from African shores. There are no records from countries lying farther east- wards in Asia like Persia or Turkestan. The genus Oxyptilus is holarctic like the preceding. It contains seven species. The only North American species (delawaricus) is very widely distributed in the United States and Canada. The other six species live mostly in colder climates in central and north Europe, but some are more widely distributed and reach the Mediterranean countries (chrysodactylus, hoffmannseggi) . One living only in northern colder countries is the Scandinavian bohemanni. Of those widely distributed in Europe two are absent from the British Isles, chrysodactylus and ericetorum. The absence of these two species is very interesting. It is not a matter of climate or food-plants ; the riddle must be solved in another way. The genus is distributed farther eastwards than the last. According to Meyrick's data (1913), not verified by me, some species reach Trans- caspia (pilosellae), Caucasus (ericetorum), west Siberia, and Persia (parvidactylus). The genus Crombrugghia is exclusively palaearctic, but its distribution is more southerly than that of Oxyptilus. In this genus there is no species confined to the northern countries. The most northern species is the middle European tristis. But there is one purely alpine species (kollari). Two species are Mediterranean only, lantoscanus (south France) and laetus (south Europe, Asia Minor, north Africa, Canary Is.). The third south European species, distans, is distributed more widely northward. It reaches the southern parts of central Europe and the British Isles. This is the only British species in this genus. Insufficient systematic work has been done on the second group of genera to pro- duce more than an outline. The genus M egalorrhipida represents a group analogous to Sphenarches because it is very widely distributed in the tropics, but, corresponding with its somewhat more THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER 319 primitive morphological structure, its geographical distribution is also wider than the distribution of Sphenarches. The genus Megalorrhipida reaches eastwards to Hawaii. It is also more widely distributed northwards in Asia (China, Palestine). In North America Megalorrhipida reaches to the south of the United States. In New Zealand it is absent, like Sphenarches. The generic type is defectalis, which has several synonyms (Fletcher, 1931), having been described under various names from many countries. All these synonyms should be verified by comparison of the genitalia; however, one can say that defectalis is very widely distributed all over the world. Drawings of the male genitalia of this species were published by Amsel (1935) and Barnes and Lindsey (1921). Although the drawings show different aspects it seems they are of the same species, living alike in the United States and in Palestine. On the basis of ascertained synonymy one can provisionally call this species defectalis Walker, supposing it to be the same species as that described by Walker from the African tropics. Two representatives of the genus Stangeia are known, the Mediterranean siceliota and xerodes, living in India and Ceylon. S. xerodes is also recorded from New Guinea, Australia, Africa, and Palestine. I cannot distinguish from siceliota the Palestine specimen named xerodes by Meyrick. The Australian specimens of xerodes I saw in the British Museum seem to be a species different from the Indian xerodes. This genus should be carefully revised. The genus Buckleria differs strongly in the structure of the genitalia from Stangeia, but its distribution is very similar. Two species are known, a central European one occurring also in Great Britain (paludum) , and paludicola distributed in India and Ceylon. In the British Museum paludicola has been considered as a synonym of paludum. The generic group Trichoptilus contains exclusively North American species. They belong probably to several distinct genera, not yet separated. It seems that these North American species represent evolutionary lines quite distinct from those of the European species. They differ morphologically too, and cannot be put together in the same genus Trichoptilus with the Old World's lines Stangeia and Buckleria. This review of geographical distribution shows that the genera can be placed in the same succession as was obtained from a comparison of their morphology or ecology. The order depends upon such characters of distribution as space and climate as follows : 1. Genera and species most widely distributed all over the world are also the most primitive in their structure and ecological features (Sphenarches, Megalorrhipida). 2. Less widely distributed forms are more specialized (Geina, Procapperia, Oxyptilus). 3. Units most limited in distribution are most specialized (Crombrugghia, Capperia). There are also some connexions with climate : 1. Most constant characters, not changing over very wide areas, exist in tropical genera. They contain very few species and seem to be arrested in their evolution (Sphenarches, Megalorrhipida) . 2. More often differentiating characters are found in genera passing northwards to a colder climate. These genera contain more species (Procapperia). 3. The greatest variability of characters changing over small areas and therefore genera richest 320 ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF in species are seen in the most far northward countries (Capperia, Oxyptilus). In these genera there are the biggest tendencies for the formation of new species (vide the variability of celeusi and parvidactylus) , and it indicates the bigger expansion of life in cooler climates independently of the phylogenetical lifetime of the forms in question. The above-mentioned connexions can be seen by comparing genera standing very close to each other such as Capperia and Procapperia or Oxyptilus and Crombrugghia. Besides, it is known that some genera are more common and numerous in species in the north (Geina, Oxyptilus), and on the contrary other genera are more common in the south (Capperia, Crombrugghia). In connexion with this fact one can observe the northern limit of distribution for southern genera (i.e. southern limit of Pleistocene glaciations), but there does not exist any southern limit for northern genera. These northern genera are only more and more rare southwards, but they are distributed as far to the south as the southern genera, and both groups of genera reach the same geographical barriers in the south. A general glance at the geographical distribution of the group discussed shows where the evolutionary lines are most frequent. Thus, in the northern hemisphere there exist more genera and species than in the southern hemisphere. Similarly more forms are known from the eastern hemisphere than from the western. Thus it appears that in the northern and eastern neighbourhood of the Mediterranean basin several evolutionary lines are the most frequent. Unfortunately there is not sufficient material from western Asiatic countries to determine the position of the centre of this concentration of evolutionary lines. However, one assumes this centre to be in the area of the countries of the Middle East. 7. PHYLOGENY In the preceding sections data concerning the morphology, ecology, and geo- graphical distribution of the group Oxyptilus (sensu lato) have been discussed. The relation of this information to questions concerning the age and origin of our group may now be considered. In connexion with problems of the geographical distribution of various groups of animals numerous theories have been advanced as more or less hypothetical solu- tions. But even the theories of hologenetic evolution, and of old bridges between ancient continents, do not fully explain all the questions of animal geography. The most synthetic and also the most revolutionary attempt to reproduce the history of our globe resulted in the theory of continental drift (Taylor, 1910 ; Wegener, 1912, 1924, 1937). For a long time this theory was severely criticized. However, its wide usefulness in many branches of natural sciences attracted the attention of several scientists. Of recent years there have appeared several important works, in particular those of Du Toit, Jeannel, Zeuner, and others, which have strengthened the theory of continental drift in the scientific world. Below is set out an attempt to explain the geographical distribution of the group Oxyptilus (sensu lato) on the basis of Wegener's theory. It may be a useful contribu- tion both to entomological studies and to a further investigation of the Taylor- Wegener theory. THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER 321 According to palaeontological data the first appearance and the beginning of the evolution of the Lepidoptera occur in the middle of the Jurassic. About that time appear the first flowering plants. The Lepidoptera of that time belonged to the most primitive and now extinct group Palaeontinidae. The intensive development of Lepidoptera started with the beginning of the Cretaceous simultaneously with the progress of flowering plants (Angiospermae) . By that time the differentiation of Lepidoptera had so far advanced that the first representatives of some families exist- ing at present can be found. The very strong development of Angiospermae in the second half of the Cretaceous justifies the assumption that at that time the immediate ancestors of recent generic groups in Lepidoptera appeared. Among Alucitidae one can suppose the existence of the ancestral form from which all these groups having a patch of scales on their secondaries originated (Platyptilia, Oxyptilus-Trichoptilus group) . Unfortunately the very delicate structure of the Plume-moths did not allow their preservation as fossils. Therefore we are forced in this group to study its palaeontology without fossils. This is very difficult, but we find some very important hints in the geographical distribution of recent forms. The genera Megalorrhipida and Sphenarches occur over the whole area of the tropics of our globe. Their common ancestor (probably common for Platyptilia too) probably initiated the development of the genera mentioned, still in the Cretaceous, somewhere on the Lemuria-Angara continent. In this way could be explained the distribution of these genera in the tropics of both hemispheres, that is, over the Euro-Asiatic (Angara) and Indo-African continents in the east and in the tropical parts of American continents (Archigalenis and Archiguiana) in the west, before these continents became separated by seas. As we see on the maps of Koppen and Wegener (reproduced also by Jeannel, 1942) the recent areas of northern Brazil and of Malaya were continents since the Mesozoic and since that time have not changed their tropical climate. But, on the other hand, their junction by land in the tropical area, that is, the junction of the tropical con- tinents of the western hemisphere with the Angara continent, existed only on the break of the Mesozoic and Tertiary, in the period of Montien when the Indo-African continent was separated already from Angara. Then, in the Montien, the tropical genera Sphenarches and Megalorrhipida passed westwards to the tropical areas of North, South, and central America which were united with the West Indian islands at this time. The climatic conditions of those times did not allow these tropical genera to extend their distribution towards the Australian-New Zealand continent by the southern route through the continents of South America (Archiplata) , Palaeo- antarctis, and Australia. Only the ancestor of the genus Platyptilia, not attached particularly to a tropical climate, passed by this way from Archiplata to Australia and New Zealand along the sea-shores of Palaeoantarctis which had during the Montien a moderate climate. In subsequent periods this migration route was inter- rupted by the cooling of the climate (Eocene), by sea transgression separating the Australian continent, and by definite separation of New Zealand from Australia (Oligocene). The contact of the Australian continent with south-east Asiatic areas took place much later (Pliocene) and only then could the genera in question pass to Australia, but not to New Zealand, which was already completely isolated. In this way one can explain the presence of only the genera Sphenarches and Megalorrhipida 322 ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF in the tropics of South America, the West Indian islands, Malaya, and Australia from the end of the Cretaceous until the middle of the Tertiary. At that time the greater part of the African continent, with Madagascar and India with Ceylon, had a very cool climate and only the northern part of the Indo-African continent (Egeida Meridionalis) extending very far to the north had a tropical climate. During this period the thermophilous forms could not pass to Ceylon nor to Madagascar because of the proximity of the polar circle and a very severe climate. In warmer, more equatorial African areas, having a moderate climate during the Eocene, the species Sphenarches caffer was differentiated. It could not pass to Madagascar because this island was completely isolated from the African continent. The temporary contact of Madagascar with the continent happened much later, at the end of the Miocene, but in the meantime, since the Eocene, the Equator moved very far southwards and Sphenarches caffer, adapted to a cooler climate, moved also to South Africa and could not use this north Malgash bridge. However, this tropical bridge was very useful for the tropical species Sphenarches anisodactylus to enter this island. It passed also to India and to Ceylon, then united with India. The North American species of Sphen- arches arose from a line isolated after the Montien in Archigalenis, the climate of which during the Tertiary became more and more cool. By Pliocene times the climatic conditions there were like those of to-day. At the end of the Tertiary, when central America emerged and the route to South America was open anew, this North American Sphenarches was already too much changed and adapted to a cooler climate to use the connexion. The distribution of these genera in the Pacific area is a separate problem. The genus Sphenarches reaches in this area New Hebrides, Tonga, and Samoa, but Megalorrhipida is known even from Hawaii. The fauna of the Hawaiian islands is well known and it seems unlikely that a common polyphagous genus like Sphenarches should have been overlooked. Wegener's maps suggest that the Pacific islands, or at least a part of them, were united with the Malayan area in the Montien. Jeannel (1942) states that the Hawaiian islands had never a connexion with the American continent. One can suppose, therefore, that Hawaii was the first to be isolated from the Angara-Lemuria continent (which could not happen before the end of the Creta- ceous), before the appearance of Sphenarches on the east shores of that continent. The isolation of Samoa and Tonga, being nearer to the continent, should have taken place later, after the appearance of Sphenarches in this area. These differences in the distribution of Sphenarches and Megalorrhipida seem to show that Megalorrhipida is an older line than Sphenarches and also that the centre of evolution of this group was on the Angara continent (Eurasia). Sphenarches anisodactylus presents an unusually interesting phenomenon in this genus. From a comparison of the male copulatory apparatus from several localities I ascertained that this species occurs in the tropical countries of both hemispheres. In this case the lines of the New and Old Worlds of this species must have been isolated from each other since the times of Montien, i.e. for about sixty million years (Zeuner, 1946) or, one can also say, during more than sixty million generations (dependent upon the number of generations a year) . It is difficult to suppose that the species endured such a long time without change. On the other hand, it would be THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER 323 even more difficult to accept the hypothesis that in several areas very remote from each other and very well isolated the same species could suffer identical changes by identical evolutionary processes producing the same final results during such a long time. Zeuner (1935) reckoned the time needed for the development of a new species in certain mammals to be about 500,000 years, i.e. about 25,000 generations. But evolutionary processes do not always move at such a rate and sometimes they seem even to stop for a very long time. For instance, recent species of insects are known in Oligocene ambers which are about 40 million years old. This fact makes easier the supposition that Sphenarches anisodactylus endured in the tropics for 60 million years without changes. It seems that the range of time and number of generations neces- sary for the speciation of a new animal species varies within wide limits. It is possible also that in spite of Zeuner's (1943) opinion the factor of time does not play a decisive part in this matter and evolution of a new species depends more on other factors than on time and the number of generations. It seems that time, even very long, does not act as a factor of importance when climatic changes fail, and on the contrary, a very short time span in the presence of climatic changes causes intensive evolutionary effects, as one sees on comparing recent British and continental insects living in areas which have been separated only a few thousand years. If it is admitted that Sphenarches anisodactylus endured without changes since the period of Montien (and there seems no other possibility), the consequences of this assumption must also be admitted. On this admission Sphenarches anisodactylus is a living ancestral form of the closely related species having narrower distribution like the South African coffer or North American Ontario, and, further, anisodactylus is the living ancestor of certain descended genera which will be discussed below. An analogous case is afforded by Megalorrhipida defectalis, which is probably the ancestral form for the Trichoptilus group, if, of course, further investigations confirm the facts about its distribution as at present known. This is a still older form, as shown by its wider distribution (Hawaii), simpler structure (uncus, valva), and greater elasticity in climatic adaptation, and also its presence outside the tropics. The similarity of the genitalia of the two genera suggests the possibility that Megalor- rhipida is ancestral to Sphenarches. However, the structure of the primaries (second lobe) does not agree with such a supposition. Studies on the ontogenetic develop- ment of these forms could be of decisive value in this case. During the Tertiary the above-mentioned ancestral forms gave rise to several new evolutionary lines which since then have become specialized as distinct, recent genera. These genera are more or less close to Sphenarches or Megalorrhipida, but they are more specialized and they are much more limited in their geographical distribution. Let us see first which forms seem to derive from Sphenarches. The line morpho- logically very close to Sphenarches is represented by the genus Procapperia. Its recent Indo-Mediterranean distribution indicates that Procapperia dates from the times of Montien when the territories of Indo-Africa and Egeida Meridionalis were joined together as one continent, separated by the sea of Tethys from the shores of Eurasia. The Eocene marine transgressions divided this continent into three parts having different climates, and consequently correlated groups of species should have become differentiated, namely, the Mediterranean, Indian, and probably the African group. 324 ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF The last has not been discovered so far, but may exist in the African tropics. The Mediterranean group being under the influence of climatic changes in Pleistocene times, began to differentiate as the latest and therefore the species of this group are still very ' young ' and morphologically not very well stabilized. The genus Capperia dates from the European tropics of the Eocene, when the direct contact with the tropics of the New World was already interrupted. Europe at that time was an area subjected to marine transgressions and divided into several islands, of which the largest were Tyrrhenis and Egeida Septentrionalis. This insular character provided particularly convenient conditions for the separation of new forms. Morphologically three groups are recognizable in the genus Capperia, which were differentiated during the first half of the Tertiary. The most primitive group has an unarmed aedeagus (type : hellenica] . It occurs in south Europe only. It is the closest group to Procapperia. In addition to it there exist two groups with a more complicated aedeagus structure. The more northern has the aedeagus with sym- metrical processi (type: celeusi), the southern has asymmetrical processi on the aedeagus (type: fletcheri}. During the Oligocene the more northerly group (sym- metrical aedeagus) passed to North America by the northern Atlantic bridge lying in a moderate climate, and gave rise to the two Capperia species now living in North America and belonging to the celeusi group. In the Miocene this North Atlantic route was interrupted by the moving of the North Pole and the considerable coolness of the climate. From the middle of the Tertiary the European climate became more and more cool until the critical times of the Pleistocene. The climatic changes caused an acceleration of evolutionary processes in the direction of greater specialization. A considerable number of species differentiated. During the Pliocene the configuration of continents and islands in the Mediterranean area became similar to the present. The bridges of land between Sardinia and the Iberian peninsula and between Sicily and Tunisia disappeared. The new islands were formed approximately where Sicily and Sardinia are now (Jeannel, 1942). At this time there probably appeared the Mediter- ranean insular species (polonica, marginella, zelleri). But insufficient data exist con- cerning the distribution of these very little known or recently distinguished species to be able to establish their origin exactly. Further investigations are needed. Capperia polonica is known from Sardinia and from Prinkipo Islands in the Marmora Sea. On the map of Pliocene Alpine foldings (Du Toit, 1937) both these localities, i.e. Sardinia and Marmora are to be seen on the same curve running from the Balearic Islands through Corsica to the sea of Marmora and Asia Minor. On the other hand, Sicily, which is inhabited by allied insular species, appears on another curve run- ning through North Africa and the Apennines. A degree of coincidence between the distribution of species and the curves of Alpine foldings may be quite accidental, but it might be of some significance. However, further faunistic investigations in the Mediterranean area must establish whether a relation does exist here or not. Two other insular species, Capperia marginella and C. zelleri, are known from Sicily only. It is possible that they are exclusively Sicilian endemics, but this question needs further investigation. However, these two closely related species constitute a very well-differentiated group distinct from other related groups. Probably these two species were formed in the Pliocene on two islands occupying the present position of THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER 325 Sicily. On the other hand, in the geocratic Post-pliocene period there existed a junction between Europe and Africa through Sicily and Sardinia. Jeannel (1942) even supposes the possibility of the existence of a Euro-African bridge down to inter- glacial periods. At such a period there would have existed probably an opportunity for the species mentioned to spread into the Apennine peninsula and northern Africa. Unfortunately no material belonging to the genus Capperia is known from those countries. The glacial catastrophe in the Pleistocene destroyed the existing species of Capperia in most parts of Europe, and probably in northern parts of west and central Asia too. The present northern limit of distribution of this genus provides evidence of this, in so far as it is shown by the remaining small areas of distribution of some Tertiary relict species near the northern limit of the distribution of the genus (lor ana, britanniodactyla}. Capperia britanniodactyla is not, as was formerly thought, an endemic British form. It occurs also in the Rhineland. I could not find any morphological differences be- tween British and continental specimens. Evidently the period of isolation of the British Isles from the Continent has been too short for the appearance of differences in British form. The junction of the British Isles with the Continent existed down to recent times, but britanniodactyla originates from the Tertiary. Zeuner (1946) puts the approximate date of separation of the British Isles from the Continent at 7,000- 6,000 B.C., i.e. in post-glacial times. Capperia britanniodactyla is a very strongly specialized and separated species which appeared in the Tertiary when communica- tion between Europe and North America had been already interrupted, i.e. about 30 million years ago. In comparison with that the 8,000 years during which the British specimens have been isolated is very short and evidently insufficient to permit the development of visible morphological differences in such a specialized species. In such a case it would be more probable to find, if they exist, ecological differences and maybe some changes in the life-history, but there is at present no information on these points. The northern limit of the distribution of britanniodactyla is very characteristic. It follows nearly exactly the southern limit of the Pleistocene glaciations which covered Scotland, northern, and partially central England. Southern England was never glaciated (Zeuner, 1945). Of twenty-two localities in Britain from which britanniodactyla is certainly recorded only six are situated outside the old limit of the glaciation, and even they are mostly near to this limit. These are indications of post-glacial migration. The remaining localities are within the never glaciated area. Owing to the maritime climate, the nearness of the glacier did not greatly decimate the flora and fauna of southern England (Jeannel, 1942), and the climate of the country during the glaciations was scarcely a few degrees cooler than at present (Beirne, 1943). It is thus very probable that britanniodactyla was able to endure the glacial period in England without the support of populations from the interior of the Continent. Besides, the very high specialization of the species is not propitious for easy migration. Very specialized forms, like britanniodactyla, are very conservative in changing locality. It is also possible that in such cases tropisms exist like those that play such a great part, for example, in the distribution of birds. When britanniodactyla appeared during the Tertiary it was faced very soon with a climate becoming more and more cool, and under these conditions a negative boreotropism ENTOM. i, 5. R r 326 ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF could arise as a specific feature of britanniodactyla. This character, if it does exist, should be much more efficient against the northwards expansion of the species than any geographical barrier. However one tries to explain the distribution of britannio- dactyla, it is a fact that it shows a northern limit closely following the southern limits of glaciation. It is very interesting that large organisms capable of long flights, like some birds or bats, to which geographical barriers like the English Channel present no difficulty, have the same northern limit of distribution as britanniodactyla. In Bartholomew's Atlas (1911), for example, there are mentioned the following families of birds as distributed in the southern part of the British Isles only: Timellidae, Plataleidae, Gruidae, Sittidae, Upupidae, Oedicnemidae, Picidae, Peristeridae. Other examples given there of animal groups having a similar distribution in Great Britain are: Rhinolophidae (Bats), Myoxidae (Rodents), Dreissensia (Molluscs), Lucanus, Trox (Beetles), Nemeobiidae, Papilionidae, Limenitis, Gonepteryx (Butterflies). The eastern part of the Mediterranean area represents the richest asylum in which Tertiary forms of the group discussed survived during the Pleistocene. The eastern shores of the Black Sea, southwards of the Caucasus, are generally known for their many botanical Tertiary relics. The area would be especially interesting for species of this group. Unfortunately nothing is known from the region. Other interesting localities could be found where possible Tertiary relicts occur on the probable route of the genus Capperia along the southern frontier of Asiatic Russia, where some forms might have survived during the Pleistocene period. The glaciation of northern Asia reached 61-62 of N. latitude (Antevs, 1928), i.e. about ten geographical degrees less than in Europe and America. It is also very interesting to know how far eastwards the genus Capperia was distributed during the Tertiary. If, as is possible, it then reached Manchuria it has a good chance of surviving until the present. But these questions need further investigation on the spot. On the continent of Angara, during its isolation from Europe in the first half of the Tertiary, two main lines derived from Sphenarches were separated. These lines initiated the recent genus Geina and, on the other hand, the genera Oxyptilus and Crombrugghia. During the Oligocene these lines passed by the arctic route in a moderate climate to North American territory. Intensive evolution of these lines happened later as the climate became more and more cool. The genus Geina developed more strongly in the American and Oxyptilus in the Eurasian continent. The more thermophilous line of Oxyptilus passed before the Pleistocene to the Mediterranean area and formed there the genus Crombrugghia. The genera Geina and Oxyptilus adapted themselves for a cooler climate. The appearance of these two genera in Europe must have been very late, probably after the glacial period, because Geina did not reach the British Isles at all and Oxyptilus only in two species. Another group of evolutionary lines having a morphological structure similar to Megalorrhipida, and possibly derived from it, consists of the genera Buckleria, Stangeia, Trichoptilus , and probably some North American genera as yet undescribed. On this group of genera insufficient systematic work has been done to indicate more than an outline of their origin. The genera Stangeia and Buckleria have a type of distribution like that of the genus Procapperia, i.e. they form lines deriving from Egeida Meridionalis. Stangeia is distributed from the Mediterranean countries THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER 327 (siceliota) to the Indo-Australian area (xerodes) . Buckleria is distributed from Ceylon and India (paludicold) to central Europe and Great Britain (paludum). These two genera, very similar externally to each other, belong to two very different evolution- ary lines, which it is impossible to place in the same systematic unit. The genus Trichoptilus represents another line quite different morphologically (pygmaeus) and phylogenetically, which separated on the North American continent after the break- ing of the communication with the Euro-Asiatic continent which existed in the Oligocene. Other North American species usually placed in Trichoptilus, like parvulus, californicus, lobidactylus , need further investigation and constitute probably other genera not yet described. From the above considerations it appears that the genera which, on the basis of their morphology, ecology, and distribution, are to be considered as the less spe- cialized (Sphenarches, Megalorrhipida) are really the most primitive and phylo- genetically the least changed in the discussed group. The genera of this group put in order according to their phylogenetic age give a similar succession to that reached in the preceding sections, beginning with the most primitive Megalorrhipida and Sphenarches, passing to Procapperia and Geina, and gradually to Capperia, Crom- brugghia and Oxyptilus as the most developed and specialized genera in the group. 8. SYSTEMATIC REVISION I. Genus SPHENARCHES (Meyrick), 1886 Typus generis Oxyptilus anisodactylus Walker, 1864 (= synophrys Meyrick, nee caffer Zeller). Sphenarches gen.n., 1886, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Land. 1886: 8 ('type: synophrys Meyr.'). Sphenarches Meyr., 1910, Meyrick, Wytsm. Gen. Ins. 100: 6 ('type: caffer Zeller = synophrys Meyr.'). Sphenarches Meyr., 1931, Fletcher, Cat. Ind. Ins. 20: 10. Sphenarches Meyr., 1931, Hori, Bull. Sci. Fak. Terk. KjuSu Univ. 4. Palpi without tuft of scales on second joint. Spot of scales very near top of third lobe of hind wing. This genus is distinguished by the very simple structure of the copulatory organs. Aedeagus straight or slightly curved, weakly sclerotized, not armed. Valva a weakly sclerotized lobe, simple, not armed. Ninth tergum weakly developed. Ninth sternum of the shape of triangular vesicular organ, sometimes modified as a more or less large plate covering the rest of the ventral side of the copulatory apparatus. Uncus well developed. Bursa copulatrix without signum. Ostium bursae slightly more sclerotized but without any marked characteristics. The following species are included in the genus: anisodactylus Walker, caffer Zeller, Ontario McDunnough, and zanclistes Meyrick. 1 It is possible that an examina- tion of all the exotic species described by Meyrick as Oxyptilus may result in the transfer of further species to Sphenarches. The species named are probably all polyphagous. Meyrick was apparently very vague about the genus. He described zanclistes (1905) as an Oxyptilus. This led later authors to make similar mistakes; McDunnough described his Ontario (1927) as Pterophorus ; Walsingham (1897) considered Geina periscelidactyla Fitch to be a Sphenarches. 1 Sphenarches chroesus Strand, 1913, from Spanish Guinea (Alen), most probably is only a synonym of anisodactylus. 328 ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF The geographical distribution of Sphenarches is extremely wide. It appears in the tropics of both hemispheres and in the zone of moderate climate on either side of the equator. i. Sphenarches anisodactylus (Walker), 1864 (Plate 18, figs. 47, 48, 50, 53) Oxyptilus direptalis Walker, 1864, Cat. Lep. B.M. 30: 934 (partim). Oxyptilus anisodactylus Walker, 1864, Cat. Lep. B.M. 30: 934-935, Pterophorus diffusalis Walker, 1864, Cat. Lep. B.M. 30: 945. Sphenarches synophrys, Meyrick, 1886, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886: 17-18. Sphenarches caffer Z., Meyrick, 1887, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1887: 268 (partim). Sphenarches caffer Z., Walsingham, 1891, Ind. Mus. Notes, 2: 20-21 (partim). Sphenarches caffer Z., Walsingham, 1897, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1897: 56-57 (partim). Sphenarches caffer Z., Hering, 1903, Stettin. Ent. Ztg. 64: 96 (?). Sphenarches caffer Z., Fletcher, 1909, Spolia Zeylan. 6: 21-22 (partim). Sphenarches caffer Z., Meyrick, 1910, Wyts. Gen. Ins. 100: 6 (partim). Sphenarches caffer Z., Meyrick, 1913, Lep. Cat. 17: 5 (partim). Sphenarches chroesus Strand, 1913, Arch. Naturgesch. 78: A, 12: 66 ( ? ). Sphenarches caffer Z., Fletcher, 1921, Mem. Dep. Agric. India Ent. 6: 9-13 (partim). Sphenarches caffer Z., Fletcher, 1931, Cat. Ind. Ins. 20: 10-11 (partim). Sphenarches caffer Z., Hori, 1931, Bult. Sci. Fac. Terk. KjuSu Univ. 4, (3). Pselnophorus dolichos Matsumura, 1931, 6000 ///. Ins. Japan: 1056, fig. 2071. Sphenarches caffer Z., Hori, 1934, Mushi, 7: 21 (' = dolichos Mats.'). Material examined. The following specimens in the British Museum were examined : 1. Male specimen, type of Walker's anisodactylus, labels as follows: 'Oxyptilus anisodactylus Wkr., type $', 'Type', 'Ceylon', ' 18. Oxyptilus anisodactylus' and '1947/50' (praep. genit.). 2. Male specimen, type of Walker's diffusalis: ' Pterophorus diffusalis Wkr. Type <$', 'Type', 'Moreton Bay', '55. Pterophorus diffusalis' and ' 1947/51 ' (praep. genit.). 3. Male specimen, paratype of Meyrick's synophrys: 'New Hebrides, Mathew, 2274', 'Wals- ingham Collection 1910-427', 'Sphenarches synophrys Meyr. Paratype 2' and '1947/54' (praep. genit.). 4. Female specimen from W. Africa: 'Bathurst, Gambia, W. Africa, 1887, Carter 1070', 'Walsingham Collection, 1910-427 ', ' Sphenarches caffer Z., named by Wlsm.' and ' 1947/53 ' (praep. genit.). 5. Male specimen from W. Africa, det. in the B.M. collection as caffer Z. : ' Bathurst, Gambia, W. Africa, 1887, Carter 1069', 'Walsingham Collection 1910-427' and '1947/5' (praep. genit.). 6. Male specimen from Peru: 'Callao Peru, 25.x.-3i.xii.i883, Walker 3091', 'W T alsingham Coll. 1910-427', 'Sphenarches caffer Z. named by Wlsm.' and '1947/61' (praep. genit.). 7. Male specimen from West Indies: ' Balthasar (Windwardside) Grenada, W.I., H. H. Smith', 'Walsingham Collection 1910-427, 65010', Sphenarches caffer Z. Named by Wlsm.' and '1947/62' (praep. genit.). 8. Male specimen from Madagascar, det. in the B.M. collection as caffer Z. : 'Madagascar, H. Perrot', 'Paravicini coll., B.M., 1937-383' and '1947/63' (praep. genit.). 9. Male specimen from India, det. in B.M. collection as caffer Z. : ' Nilgiris, Hampson Coll., 89-129' and '1947/64' (praep. genit.). Nos. i and 2 are in the British Museum Type collection, the remainder in the general collection, labelled Sphenarches caffer Z. It was not possible to examine Sphenarches chroesus Strand, described from Alen, Spanish Guinea, but it is best to assume, from THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER 329 Strand's description, that chroesus is a synonym of anisodactylus until such time as the type, or topotypes from Alen, can be examined. Copulatory apparatus. Preparations of the types mentioned are preserved, whole, in alcohol. It was necessary, therefore, to examine them in this state, without sectioning or staining. No differences were observed in any of the male genitalia from the material examined. The structure is very simple. The valva is a spoon-like concave lobe, slightly sclerotized, without folds, processes, or spines. Aedeagus thin, tubular, nearly straight, curved ventrally towards the tip. The ninth sternum re- sembles a triangular vesiculum reaching to the centre of the valva only from its base. The ninth tergum takes the form of a small, triangular membranous flap. Beneath the tergum is the well-developed uncus curving ventrally. The female organs are also very simple. Bursa copulatrix without signum. The eighth sternum without any marked characteristics. The end of the ductus is more strongly sclerotized, terminat- ing in a simple, unarmed ostium. Comparison of the preparations with the drawings of Hori (I.e., pi. x, figs. 6-8) revealed no differences. General appearance of imago. The species varies considerably in size. Wing spread, 12-17 mm. The smallest specimens seen were from Grenada (12 mm.) and Ceylon (12-5 mm.), the largest were from Nilgiris (17 mm.) and from Gambia (13- 16 mm.). It is unlikely that the variation in size has any connexion with geographical distribution as Fletcher (1921) records wing spreads between 13-15 mm. for Indian specimens, yet in the British Museum there are specimens up to 17 mm., as recorded above. The colour of fresh specimens is dusty dark yellow. Slightly worn specimens are whitish-yellow. These conditions may give rise to the opinion that the species is variable in colour, but this is not the case. Early stages. Data on life-history are given by Walsingham (1891), Fletcher (1909, 1921), and Hori (1931). Fletcher's contribution (1921), based on Indian material, is very full, containing ecological details and descriptions of early stages. It is stated that the species is very polyphagous (see section 5) and has several generations a year. The development of a winter generation lasts about two months, spring and autumn generations about half this time. Geographical distribution. The species is distributed throughout the tropics except in the Hawaiian islands (see section 6). It is present in some Pacific islands. Such widespread distribution has been attributed to the influence of cyclones and powerful air-streams (Fletcher, 1910). The extensive distribution of anisodactylus (under the name of ' caffer Z.') was considered due to human agency (Fletcher, 1921). Meyrick (1927) suggests that it was introduced in the Samoan islands in imported plants of the families Cucurbitaceae and Leguminosae. This supposition is quite inadmissible when it is realized that these plants are not readily transplantable and are invariably transported to the islands in seed only. The seed will have been harvested and dried before shipment and the larvae of anisodactylus are unable to feed on seeds. The passage of living eggs and pupae is highly improbable in view of the brief life-cycle in these stages. The egg stage lasts two to six days (Fletcher, 1921). During this period it would be impossible for the food-plant to be harvested, the seed gathered and shipped to the islands, and for the newly emerged larvae to find fresh food-plants. Freshly emerged larvae, especially in the tropics, must have immediate access to 330 ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF suitable food or perish. On dried seeds they would die during transit. Another point is that anisodactylus lays its eggs on flowers and leaves only, never on seeds (Fletcher, 1921). In the previous section an attempt was made to attribute the wide distribution of anisodactylus to Continental Drift, surely a more probable theory in relation to this question. 2. Sphenarches caffer (Zeller), 1852 (PI. 18, fig. 49) Oxyptilus caffer sp.n., Zeller, 1852, Linn. Ent. 6: 348-349. Oxyptilus caffer Zell., Zeller, 1852, Micr. Caffr. 118. Oxyptilus walkeri n.s., Walsingham, 1881, Trans. Ent. Soc. Land. 1881: 279-280. Sphenarches caffer Z., Meyrick, 1887, Ibid. 1887: 268 (partim). Sphenarches caffer Z., Walsingham, 1891, Ind. Mus. Notes, 2: 20-21 (partim). Sphenarches caffer Z., Fletcher, 1909, Spolia Zeylan. 6: 21-22 (partim). Sphenarches caffer Z., Meyrick, 1910, Wyts. Gen. Ins. 100: 6 (partim). Sphenarches caffer Z., Meyrick, 1913, Lep. Cat. 17: 5 (partim). Sphenarches caffer Z., Fletcher, 1921, Mem. Dept. Agric. India Ent. 6: 9-13 (partim). Sphenarches caffer Z., Fletcher, 1931, Cat. Ind. Ins. 20: 10-11 (partim). Material examined: i. Single male specimen from South Africa (British Museum collection), labelled as follows: ' Kimbolton, Eastcourt, Weenen, Natal, Htchsn. 1885, 325'; 'Walsingham collection, 1913-427'; 'Sphenarches caffer Z., named by Wlsm.' and '1947/52' (praep. genit.). As Zeller's type specimen (a male) of caffer is in the Stockholm Museum (see Walsingham, 1891) there has been no opportunity of examining it. Zeller described this species from a single specimen from Caffraria giving only general information as to locality in the following words: 'Habitat in tractibus fluviorum Limpoponis et Gariepis'. As there were no fewer than three South African rivers named Gariep in the last century it is impossible to give any accurate definition of the original locality for caffer. The only possible definition is SE. Africa between 25 and 30 S. latitude. On old maps the name Caffraria was given to the SE. African territory in latitude about 30 S. and containing the greater part of Natal. The specimens described by Walsingham (1881) as Oxyptilus walkeri also originated from Natal. The types of this species are in the Capetown Museum, but unfortunately are without abdomens. Meyrick (1887) as well as Walsingham (1897) considered walkeri a synonym of caffer. Being at present unable to examine the Stockholm type specimen it is considered that the above-mentioned specimen from Natal (Kimbolton) is the topotype of Sphenarches caffer Zeller ( walkeri Walsingham). The copulatory apparatus of the specimen from Kimbolton is of the same general appearance as anisodactylus, but with the valva and ninth sternum less primitive. Valva elongate, much narrower at the base than at the apex, which forms an enlarged flap. The ninth sternum is triangular, but much longer than in anisodactylus, reaching of the length of the valva. The ninth tergum triangular, membranous and weakly developed. Uncus and aedeagus similar to anisodactylus. Early stages and food-plant unknown. Geographical distribution : South Africa, Natal. THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER 331 3. Sphenarches Ontario (McDunnough), 1927 Pterophorus Ontario McD., McDunnough, 1926, Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario, 25: 49 (nomen nudum). Pterophorus Ontario sp.n., McDunnough, 1927, Trans. R.S. Can. 1927: 176, pi. i, fig. i. It was not possible to examine this species. From the description and the figure of the male copulatory apparatus in McDunnough's publication (1927) there is no doubt that this form comes in Sphenarches. The male copulatory apparatus most resembles Sphenarches coffer, but the valvae are more rounded at the ends. Judging from McDunnough's description the imago also is similar to caffer. Wing spread is 14 mm. Early stages and food-plant unknown. Geographical distribution : Canada, Ontario. 4. Sphenarches zanclistes (Meyrick), 1905 (PI. 18, figs. 51, 52) Oxyptilus zanclistes sp.n., Meyrick, 1905, /. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 16: 581-582. Oxyptilus zanclistes Meyr., Meyrick, 1913, Lep. Cat. 17: 5 (partim?). Oxyptilus zanclistes Meyr., Corbett and Gates, 1926, Bull. Dep. Agric. F.M.S. 38: n (?). Oxyptilus zanclistes Meyr., Fletcher, 1931, Cat. Ind. Ins. 20 (partim?). Specimens examined from Meyrick's collection in the British Museum : 1. The male specimen (the first in the series of nine specimens named in Meyrick's collection as zanclistes) labelled as follows: 'Fort Stegman, Burma, N.M. . . ./88', 1 'Oxyptilus zan- clistes Meyr., 9/1, E. Meyrick det. in Meyrick Coll.', 'Meyrick Coll., B.M., 1938-290' and ' 1947/72' (praep. genit.). This specimen is considered the lectotype. 2 2. The specimen without abdomen: the same locality as above. 3. The remaining seven specimens are from India (Assam and Coorg, 3 specimens), Ceylon (2 specimens), and N. Australia (2 specimens). One specimen of them (Khasi Hills, Assam, iii. 1907) has copulatory apparatus identical with that of the lectotype (praep. genit. no. ' 1947/101 '). It is not known whether the remaining specimens belong to the same species as the genitalia were not examined. Male copulatory apparatus differs more from the generic type in this species than in any other. It approaches somewhat to the genus Geina. The most marked charac- teristic is the ninth sternum, consisting of a large rounded plate, cut out at its top centre. This plate covers the rest of the ventral side of the copulatory organs. Valva a spoon-like concave structure, as in other species, but much more narrow and only slightly enlarged at the end. Ninth tergum almost non-developed. Uncus thick, rounded at top, less curved than in other species. Aedeagus straight, pointed, thicker than in Geina species. General appearance and size similar to anisodactylus. Wing spread of lectotype 15 mm. Ground colour yellow, but appearing rather darker than anisodactylus as there is a characteristic greyish tint not apparent in that species. Early stages. Corbett and Gates (1926) record this species from Malaya. According 1 The capital letters after the locality on Meyrick's labels are the collector's initials and the figures following indicate the date (in this case 1888). a Meyrick never indicated on his labels which specimens were types. 33 2 ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF to their data the larvae of zanclistes destroy the flowers of Vigna catjang Walp. (Leguminosae) . Geographical distribution. Lectotype was taken in the mountains of Burma. In Assam the species also appears in the mountains. The data concerning Ceylon, Malaya, and N. Australia should be verified. II. Genus GEINA Tutt, 1907 Typus generis Phalaena Alucita didactyla, Linnaeus, 1758 (= Petrophorus brunneodactyla Milliere). Geina Tutt, 1907, Brit. Lep. 5: 411 ('type didactyla Linn.') (non descr.). Oxyptilus Z., Meyrick, 1910, Wyts. Gen. Ins. 100: 6 ('= Geina Tutt') (partim). Oxyptilus Z., Meyrick, 1913, Cat. Lep. 17: 5 (' = Geina Tutt') (partim). Pterophorus Geoffr., Barnes and Lindsey, 1921, Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep.Amer. 4: 297-298 (' = Geina Tutt') (partim). Oxyptilus Zeller, Fletcher, 1929, Mem. Dep. Agric. India Ent. 11: 98 (' Geina Tutt') (partim). Oxyptilus Z., Fletcher, 1931, Cat. Ind. Ins. 20: 12 ('= Geina Tutt') (partim). Capperia Tutt, Adamczewski, 1939, Ann. Mus. Zool. Polon. 13: 263 ('= Geina Tutt') (partim). Palpi without tuft of scales. Third feather of hind wing with a spot of scales at extreme end. Lateral edge of second lobe of fore wing distinctly cut out in a deep semicircle. Hind angle of fore wing very distinct. Aedeagus straight, strongly sclerotized, without appendages, not armed. Valva strongly sclerotized, narrow, bent at middle, sometimes with process at free end. Ninth tergum (male) very weakly developed. Ninth sternum (male) strongly developed as a large, heavily sclerotized plate terminating in two rounded flaps. Uncus well developed. Bursa copula- trix without signum. Ostium bursae not armed, weakly sclerotized. The following species are included: didactyla Linnaeus, periscelidactyla Fitch, tenuidactyla Fitch (= cygnus Barnes and Lindsey = nigrociliatus Zeller, nee Walsing- ham), buscki McDunnough, and probably kuldschaensis Rebel. They are probably all oligophagous species. The genus was separated as distinct by Tutt (1907) for the palearctic species didactyla, but unfortunately not described. Meyrick resynonymized (1913) Geina with Oxyptilus Zeller. Also in error it was allied to the genus Capperia Tutt, from which it is distinct, as shown by the structure of the aedeagus, the ninth male sternum, and the second lobe of the fore wing. This is an exclusively Holarctic genus. i. Geina didactyla (Linnaeus), 1758 (PI. 10, fig. 6; PL 13, fig. 24; PL 15, fig. 32) P. [halaena] Alucita didactyla Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. X), 1: 542 (partim). P. [halaena] Alucita didactyla Linnaeus, 1761, Faun. Suec. 370. Pterophorus 'primus', Schaeffer, 1766, Icones Insect. Ratisb. pi. 93, fig. 7. ' Phalene tipule', De Geer, 1771, Mem. Hist. Ins. 2: 260-261, pi. 4, figs. i-n. Alucita didactyla L., Denis and Schiffermiiller, 1775, Schmett. Wien, 145. Phalaena Alucita didactyla Villers, 1789, Linn. Faun. Suec. 2: 53 1-532. J Amplyptilia trichodactyla, didactyla, chrysodactyla Schiff., Hiibner, 1826, Verz. Bek. Schmett. 430, no. 4184 (partim). 1 Alucita didactyla Linn., Treitschke, 1833, Ochsen. Schmett. Eur. 9: 237-238 (partim). 1 1 Alucita trichodactyla Hiibner (Samml. Eur. Schmett. figs. 9, 18 (1800-1813)), cited by Wocke, Rebel, Hofmann, Meyrick, and others as a synonym of didactyla Linnaeus, has nothing to do with this species. Hiibner's fig. 9 is Oxyptilus chrysodactylus Denis and Schiffermiiller (= hieracii Zeller) and fig. 18 is Capperia trichodactyla Denis and Schiffermiiller ( = leonuri Stange) . THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER 333 Pterophorus didactylus Linn., Zeller, 1839, I sis, 32: 275 (partim). Oxyptilus trichodactylus Hbn., Zeller, 1852, Linn. Ent. 6: 353. ' Pterophorus trichodactylus Herrich-Schaffer, 1854, Schmett. Eur. 5, Pter. tab. 3, fig. 13. Pterophorus brunneodactyla Milliere, 1854, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (III), 2: 65-68, pi. 3, figs. 6-6a. Oxyptilus trichodactylus Hbn.', Herrich-Schaffer, 1855, Schmett. Eur. 5: 371. Pterophorus brunneodactyla Milliere, Bruand d'Uzelle, 1861, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (IV), 1: 35- 36, pi. 2, fig. 8. Pterophorus didactylus Linn., Schleich, 1864, Stettin. Ent. Ztg. 25: 96-98. Oxyptilus didactylus L., Wocke, Heinem, 1876, Schmett. Deutschl. 2 (II): 791-792 (partim). 1 Oxyptilus didactylus L., Hofmann, 1896, Ber. Naturw. Ver. Regensburg. 5: 114 (partim). 2 Oxyptilus didactylus L., Rebel, 1901, Cat. Lep. Pal. 2: 71 (partim). Geina didactyla Linn., Tutt, 1907, Brit. Lep. 5: 41 1. 3 Oxyptilus didactylus L., Spuler, Schmett. Eur. 2: 324 (partim). Oxyptilus didactylus L., Meyrick, 1910, Gen. Ins. 100: 7. Oxyptilus didactylus Linn., Meyrick, 1913, Lep. Cat. 17: 8 (partim). Oxyptilus didactylus L., Hering, 1932, Tierw. Mitteleur., Erganzbd. 1: 164. Oxyptilus didactylus Linn6, Lhomme, 1939, Cat. Lep. France, 2: 178. Capperia didactyla (Linne), Adamczewski, 1939, Ann. Mus. Zool. Polon. 13: 261. In 1758 Linnaeus erroneously cited the food-plant of didactyla and also mixed the bibliographical references concerning two species, but in 1761 he corrected this mistake, writing that didactyla feeds ' Geo rivali'. In the photograph of the Plumes in the Linnean collection (W. H. T. Tarns phot.), one specimen of a G^ww-feeder was recognized, quite well preserved. Also examined was the type of brunneodactyla Milliere, borrowed from the Natural History Museum of Paris. This specimen was labelled: 'Brunneodactyla Milliere', 'Type', 'Coll. Mill.', '1901, coll. E. L. Ragonot, Museum Paris ' . It was a very well-preserved male of Geina didactyla Linnaeus. Milliere described the form identical with didactyla as a new species because he doubtless used the work of GodartandDuponchel (1821-1842, Hist. Nat. Lep. France, 4: 313), wherein didactyla was wrongly figured with brushes of hairs on the end of abdomen. Obviously it was a species belonging to Oxyptilus or maybe Crombrugghia. Another strange mistake concerning the name brunneodactyla is shown in two specimens from the collection of Constant (L. Lhomme collection). One of them was distans Zeller, another pilosellae Zeller, but both bearing the name brunneodactyla (T. B. Fletcher in litt., 1937). It is doubtful if these are the original determinations of Constant. The confusion over the name brunneodactyla was cleared up by Milliere himself who synonymized his new species with didactyla (Catalogue Lep. Alpes Mar.'. 380, 1875). Staudinger (1880) once more synonymized these two names (Home S.E.R. 15: 425). Denis and Schiffermuller (1775) enumerated three species of this group, ' didactyla L., trichodactyla, and chrysodactyla' '. There is no doubt, however, that their 'didactyla L.' was not the Linnean species. Laspeyre (1805) stated that didactyla L. and didactyla D. & S. were probably different species. Charpentier (1821) considered the specimens of didactyla and chrysodactyla in Schiffermuller 's collection as identical. It is very 1 This part though dated 1877 was published not later than Nov. 1876 (see Kirby, 1876, Zool. Rec. 13, (Ins.) 187). 2 The number of page taken from author's reprint having pagination pp. 1-195; original pagination is pp. 25-219; issued 1896, not 1895. 3 Issued 1907, not 1906. ENTOM. I, 5. S S 334 ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF probable that didactyla D. & S. was an Oxyptilus species not described at that time, probably ericetomm or pilosellae but not the Linnean didactyla. Unfortunately Hiibner, who did not know the Linnean species, synonymized all three species in the Wiener collection as trichodactyla and his mistake was followed by other entomolo- gists. Hiibner's figures of trichodactyla really represent chrysodactyla D. & S. (Samm- lung, fig. 9) and trichodactyla D. & S. (Sammlung, fig. 18 ; Geschichte, figs. 2 a-b) but not didactyla L. as is wrongly cited by many authors. Treitschke also used the name didactyla L. wrongly for some different species, mainly for Capperia trichodactyla D. & S., living on Leonurus, not on Geum. Zeller, who did not know the species living on Leonurus, determined his specimens of didactyla L. on Hiibner's figure 18 of tricho- dactyla. However, Zeller's description and Herrich-Schaffer's figures of trichodactyla refer to the Linnean didactyla. Since Wocke's Catalogue (1876) the name didactyla L. has been correctly used for the Linnean Geum-teeder. The other so-called synonym of the Linnean species (see Oxyptilus chrysodactylus D. & S.) was, in spite of Zeller's remarks (Isis, 1841: 881-882), completely forgotten for one hundred years although it was the first name given for Oxyptilus hieracii Zeller. Copulatory apparatus. Valva rounded at the end, not pointed as in American Geina (Barnes & Lindsey, 1921, pi. 49). Aedeagus wider at the base, becoming much narrower at the end and more or less curved in the top part. Female copulatory apparatus of very simple structure. The plate of the ostium bursae symmetrical and more or less triangular, weakly sclerotized. Eighth sternum bluntly ended, not elon- gate. Bursa copulatrix without signum. External appearance of the imago. Wing spread 18-23 mm. The spot of scales on the third feather of hind wings is large and rectangular. The other feature dis- tinguishing this species amongst the palearctic Plume-moths is the deep, semicircular cut in the second lobe of fore wings. Generally the species is brightly brown-rusty coloured. Life-history. In the neighbourhood of Warsaw the larvae of didactyla were found on three plants: Geum rivale L., Geum urbanum L., and Potentilla rupestris L. Both Geum species grow in humid and shady places, but Potentilla rupestris is found in dry, sandy, and sunny spots. Colour of larva varies according to the food-plant. On Geum rivale larvae are greyish-pink, on Geum urbanum greyish-green, and on Poten- tilla rupestris light green. The larvae feed on flowers and flower-buds, from which the contents are eaten out through a hole made in the side of the bud. In default of flowers they feed on leaves. Hofmann (1896) mentioned also Veronica officinalis as a food-plant of didactyla, but the larvae kept on this plant in my breeding experiments died, refusing this food. Treitschke's data on Leonurus as a food-plant of didactyla refer to Capperia trichodactyla D. & S. Experiments with Leonurus as a food-plant for didactyla larvae also resulted in failure. The larvae live during the month of May. The imago appears in June and July. There is one generation a year only. Geographical distribution. Geina didactyla is recorded from nearly the whole of Europe except the British Isles, Iberian peninsula, and the Polar area. Outside Europe it is recorded only from Asia Minor. In several collections specimens from the central European countries and from France, Sarepta, and Asia Minor have been noted. THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER 335 2. Geina kuldschaensis (Rebel), 1914 Oxyptilus kuldschaensis sp.n., Rebel, 1914, Iris, 28: 272. Oxyptilus kuldschaensis Rbl., .Caradja, 1920, Ibid. 34: 79. Rebel described this species from one specimen from southern Turkistan (western part of Thian-Shan Mountains), captured in June. Caradja (1920) recorded it from the Alai Mountains (Fergana). There has been no opportunity to examine this species. According to Rebel's description it is very similar to didactyla and of the same size (wing spread 21 mm.). Rebel cited the following differences between this species and didactyla : lighter, and without black basal line in cilia ; the third feather of secondaries is yellow in the middle, not white. Provisionally it is thought that kuldschaensis should be considered a Geina until the type, which is in the Caradja collection, can be more accurately examined. Early stages and food-plant unknown. Geographical distribution : Turkistan. 3. Geina periscelidactyla (Fitch), 1854 Pterophorus periscelidactylus Fitch, 1854, Trans. N.Y. Agr. Soc. 14: 843. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus Fitch, Walsingham, 1880, Pter. Calif. Oreg. 25: pi. 2, fig. 5. Sphenarches periscelidactylus Fitch, Walsingham, 1897, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1897: 57. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus Fernald, 1898, Pter. N. Amer. 17-18: pi. 2, figs. 3-4; pi. 5, figs. 1-2. Sphenarches periscelidactylus Fitch, Walsingham, 1898, Ent. Mon. Mag. 1898: 192. Pterophorus periscelidactylus Fitch, Barnes and Lindsey, 1921, Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep. Amer. 4: 299-301, pi. 41, fig. 4; pi. 49, fig. 5. Pterophorus periscelidactylus Fitch, McDunnough, 1927, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., sect. V, 1927: 176, pi. I, fig. 2. Walsingham placed this species in the genus Sphenarches (1897, 1898). As a matter of fact the genus Geina is nearer to Sphenarches than to Oxyptilus, but Geina con- stitutes a quite distinct taxonomic group which cannot be united with any other genus and which was correctly separated by Tutt (1907). This species was not closely examined, only the series of Walsingham specimens in the British Museum was seen. These specimens are similar to didactyla but much brighter, clear brown- coloured without rusty tint, and mostly smaller than the European species. They vary much in size. According to Barnes and Lindsey (1921) the wing spread is 16-20 mm. but Fernald (1898) gives a range of 14-29 mm. The geographical distribution of periscelidactyla seems to be very wide because it is recorded both from Canada (McDunnough, 1926) and from the Southern States of U.S.A. (Fernald, 1898, and Walsingham, 1880). The larvae are known as pests of grapes (Vitis vinifera). Whitcombe, Tomlinson, and Guba write that this species feeds on wild and cultivated forms of Vitis labrusca (Bull. Mass. Agric. Exp. Sta. 409: 1943). Fernald (1898), Barnes and Lindsey (1921), and McDunnough (1927) published the figures of male copulatory apparatus of this species, but the drawings of the above- mentioned authors differ from each other. Possibly there exists more than one species under the name periscelidactyla. This group should be more accurately revised 336 ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF and the copious data from the literature referred to by Barnes and Lindsey (1921) should be verified. 4. Geina tenuidactyla (Fitch), 1854 Pterophorus tenuidactylus Fitch, 1854, Trans. N.Y. Agr. Soc. 14: 848. Oxyptilus nigrociliatus sp.n., Zeller, 1873, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 23: 322-323. Oxyptilus tenuidactylus Fernald, 1898, Pter. N. Amer. 20: pi. 6, figs. 4-6 (partim). Pterophorus cygnus sp.n., Barnes and Lindsey, 1921, Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep. Amer. 4: 304, pi. 49, fig. 2. Pterophorus tenuidactylus Fitch, Barnes and Lindsey, 1921, Ibid. 4: 301-303 (partim). Pterophorus cygnus B. & L., McDunnough, 1923, Canad. Ent. 55: 85. Pterophorus cygnus B. & L., McDunnough, 1933, Ibid. 65: 205-206. Owing to the great similarity of tenuidactyla Fitch and buscki McDunnough these two species are always mixed in the literature. On external appearance they differ from each other in colour ; buscki is clearer reddish-brown and tenuidactylus is darker chocolate-brown. In the copulatory apparatus they are distinct but similar. These two species are distinguished by their ecology, living on different plants. The geo- graphical distribution is similar both species being recorded from Canada and U.S.A. Zeller (1873), describing his nigrociliatus, which is a synonym of tenuidactyla, added the following remarks: ' Lobidactylus Fitch soil grosser sein als tenuidactylus (Flugelspannung 0,80 gegen 0,60 ; bei periscelidactylus 0,85) , und kann also schon darum nicht einerlei mit nigrociliatus (vprderfliigel 3'" lang) sein. Ohne Zweifel giebt es in Nordamerika mehr Oxyptilus- Alien, als Fitch unterscheiden zu konnen glaubte.' Walsingham (1880) gives under the name nigrociliatus Z. a series of specimens from California (see buscki McD.). These specimens were examined in the British Museum and amongst them were observed three specimens a little darker than others from the same localities. This species was sent by Walsingham for determination to Zeller, who considered it as nigrociliatus. It is assumed that just one of these darker speci- mens was seen by Zeller and from his determination resulted the erroneous interpreta- tion of the synonymy of this group by Walsingham and Fernald. Both Walsingham and Fernald distinguished the as yet undescribed buscki from tenuidactyla, but they wrongly named it nigrociliatus, which, of course, is a synonym of tenuidactyla. Fernald (1898) gives figures of male copulatory apparatus of the type of tenuidactylus Fitch. Thanks to these drawings it is possible to fix the proper synonymy. On the other hand, Fernald states that he did not find any difference in the structure of the copula- tory apparatus between Fitch's type and paler Californian specimens, which Wal- singham published as nigrociliatus Z. Fernald's opinion is not decisive in this case because his method of examining the genitalia was very primitive and, dealing with two very similar species, he could obtain no other result. As we see from his drawings, he used the same methods as Hofmann, who could not distinguish the genitalia of such distinct species as Capperia trichodactyla andfusca (1898) or Capperia lorana and britanniodactyla (1896). Thus it happened that Fernald established quite by chance the proper synonymy of tenuidactyla Fitch ( nigrociliatus Zeller). There is no doubt that Zeller's cotype in the U.S.A. National Museum and Fitch's authentic specimen both belong to the above-mentioned darker form and have identical genitalia (see Busck in McDunnough, 1933). The type specimen of nigrociliatus Zeller (from Dela- THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER 337 ware), which is present in the British Museum, belongs also to the darker form and is distinct from Walsingham's Californian specimens. Unfortunately Zeller's above- mentioned type had lost .its abdomen and therefore it was impossible to see the pattern on the abdomen in which Barnes and Lindsey (1921) found some differences between tenuidactyla and cygnus. Described by Barnes and Lindsey (1921), the new species cygnus was based mostly on the differences in the genitalia of one worn specimen. This new species corresponded to the above-mentioned paler form not yet described. Unfortunately Barnes and Lindsey caused even greater confusion as they published by mistake the figure of the genitalia of the new species under the name of tenuidactyla and vice versa. In this way they added the new synonym cygnus for the darker form and the lighter one still was undescribed. This mistake was discovered by McDunnough (1923). In 1933 Busck gave (in litteris) the explanation of this con- fused synonymy (see McDunnough, 1933) and at the same time the paler coloured form was at last described as buscki McD. The male copulatory apparatus of Geina tenuidactyla Fitch is represented by the figure of Barnes and Lindsey (1921) under the name of Pterophorus cygnus (I.e., pi. 49, fig. 2) and the figures of Fernald (1898) under the name of Oxyptilus tenuidactylus (I.e., pi. 6, figs. 4-6). Geina tenuidactyla Fitch lives in the single generation on 'thimbleberry' (Rubus parviflorus Nutt. = R. nuttkans). McDunnough (1933) cited also 'strawberry' (Fragaria sp. ?) as a food-plant. The oligophagous character of the species belonging to the genus Geina makes possible the appearance of tenuidactyla also on ' blackberry ' (Rubus sp.), which probably is a food-plant of the allied Geina buscki. It is better in this case not to base the determination of a species on its food-plant. Further eco- logical investigations are needed here. Until the American data are greatly amplified we cannot obtain much information as to the geographical distribution of this species. The verified data record Geina tenuidactyla from Canada (McDunnough) and from north-eastern U.S.A. (Fitch, Zeller). " 5. Geina buscki (McDunnough), 1933 Oxyptilus nigrociliatus Z., Walsingham, 1880, Pter. Calif. Oreg. 31: pi. 2, fig. 8. Oxyptilus tenuidactylus Fitch, Fernald, 1898, Pter. N. Amer. 20: pi. 6, figs. 4-6 (partim). Pterophorus tenuidactylus Fitch, Barnes and Lindsey, 1921, Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep. Amer. 4: 301 303, pi. 49, fig. i (partim). Pterophorus buscki sp.n., McDunnough, 1933, Canad. Ent. 65: 206. Very similar to the preceding species but clearer coloured. The data from literature under the name of tenuidactyla partially refer to Geina buscki, but all the material needs revision. It is possible that all data concerning the specimens of nigrociliatus or tenuidactyla, bred on blackberries (Rubus sp.) also refer to Geina buscki. The speci- mens of nigrociliatus recorded by Walsingham (1880) from California most probably belong to buscki. The male copulatory apparatus was, according to Busck (see McDunnough, 1933), represented by Barnes and Lindsey (1921) under the name of tenuidactyla (I.e., pi. 49. n g- i). 338 ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF Probably widely distributed species in Canada and U.S.A., but at present the only verified records are from Canada (McDunnough, 1933). III. Genus PROCAPPERIA gen.n. Typus generis Oxyptilus maculatus Constant, 1865. Palpi without tuft of scales. Spot of scales of the third feather of hind wings is remote from its end but nearer the end than in the genus Crombrugghia. The lateral edge of the second lobe of the fore wings very slightly curved, nearly straight. The hind angle of fore wings very weakly marked. Aedeagus strongly S-like curved, strongly sclerotized, bilaterally symmetrical but with- out any appendages such as processes or spines. Valva slightly arched, more strongly sclerotized in the basal half than in the distal half. The distal half of the valva enlarging in the form of a more or less oval flap having no folds or appendages. The ninth tergum pointed as in the genus Capperia but less developed. Uncus hidden under ninth tergum and very weakly developed. The ninth sternum in the form of a plate having its hind edge bifurcate and tucked up forwards. The ninth sternum short, reaching to one-third of the length of valva only. The ninth sternum (male) in its vesicular structure is similar to Sphenarches, but it is obviously developing to become a plate as in Capperia. Bursa copulatrix without signum. The ventral plate of eighth sternum at ostium bursae is formed like an irregular triangle a little more strongly sclerotized at its top, but other- wise having no characteristic features. The genus is represented in the Mediterranean and Indo-Australian faunas. To it belong the following species: maculata Constant, linariae Chretien, croatica sp.n., anatolica Caradja, and pelecyntes Meyrick. Probably all monophagous. These species are distinguishable by their external appearance. According to the structure of copulatory apparatus they form two distinct groups, one Mediterranean, the other Indian. The species of the first group are all very similar in their copulatory apparatus. They cannot, however, be considered as forms of one species only, because of the considerable differences in the size and colour between maculata, linariae, and anatolica. The very distinct looking croatica could not be considered as a form of any previously described species and it has therefore been provisionally established as another species in this group, in order to complete the materials for further investigations. The collection of more ecological observations and also some data on the morphology of early stages are needed in order to show the most charac- teristic features of these forms. The group is an especially interesting subject for investigation because the differences that already exist are weak. It is a group of species in statu nascendi, providing for further investigators the chance of studying the causes of specific differentiation. It would be also very interesting to relate their taxonomic status with the evolutionary stage they have reached. i. Procapperia maculata (Constant), 1865 (PL 10, fig. 12 ; PL 12, fig. 20 ; PL 14, fig. 28) Oxyptilus maculatus Constant, 1865, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 34: 193-194, pi. 7, fig. 9. Oxyptilus maculatus Const., Wocke, 1876, Heinem. Schmett. Deutsch. 2: 792. Oxyptilus maculatus Const., Staudinger, 1880, Horae Soc. Ent. Ross. 15: 425-426. Oxyptilus kollari Sta., Frey, 1880, Lep. Schweiz: 429. Oxyptilus ? maculatus Const., Rebel, 1901, Cat. Lep. Pal. 2: 71. Oxyptilus maculatus Constant, Meyrick, 1913, Lep. Cat. 17: 6. Oxyptilus maculatus Const., Caradja, 1920, Iris, 34: 5. THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER 339 Oxyptilus maculatus Cst., Chretien, 1922, tud. Lep. Comp. 19: 339. Oxyptilus maculatus Constant, Lhomme, 1939, Cat. Lep. France, 2'. 178. Capperia maculata Const., Adamczewski, 1939, Ann. Mus. Zool. Polon. 13: 261. Original description : ' Enve'rgure, 20-23 mill. Ailes superieures d'un brun jaunatre, avec deux bandes transversales obliques et paralleles d'un blanc sale, sur chacun des deux lobes. Un trait transversal blanc, ombr6 de brun du cote interne, situe au point precis ou 1'aile se partage, et se prolongeant obliquement, par sa partie inf6rieure, jusqu'a la premiere bande blanche de la seconde division de 1'aile. Frange entrecoup6e de roux et de blanchatre, avec ?a et la quelques traits noirs le long du bord interne. Ailes infeVieures d'un gris brun, avec la f range un peu plus foncee ; troisieme lobe a nervure blanche, avec une tache noiratre, 6clairee inferieurement de blanc, vers les deux tiers de sa longueur. Dessous des quatre ailes de la meme couleur que le dessus, avec les memes dessins, sauf que le premier lobe des secondes ailes est ordinairement lave de blanc. Tete et thorax jaunatres; collier et pteYygodes blanchatres. Antennes finement annelees de brun et de blanc. Abdomen roux; partie inferieure des anneaux ciliee de poils blancs dans toute sa circonf6rence, surtout chez la femelle ; pointe anale de cette derniere marquee en dessus de deux traits blancs, rectilignes, longitudinaux et paralleles. Cuisses et tibias blancs en dedans, roux en dehors ; articles des tarses roux, avec leur partie ant^rieure blanchatre ; eperons blancs, a pointe brune. Basses- Alpes, en juin et juillet.' Examined material: 1. Two original specimens of Constant from Basses- Alpes, borrowed from L. Lhomme, bearing following labels : <$ ' Constant, maculatus ' and a small triangular label, dark-lilac coloured ; 9 'Coll. Constant, Oxyptilus maculatus', '19' and a small, triangular, yellow-coloured label. 2. Male specimen from southern France (Hautes- Alpes), borrowed from T. B. Fletcher: 'La Grave 6.viii.i896, Tutt Coll.', ' 2367, Wlsm. 1896 ', ' Oxyptilus hieracii Z., named by Wlsm.'. 3. Female specimen from Italian Alps (British Museum (N.H.)) : 'Frey Coll. Brit. Mus. 1890-62', 'P. Kollari ? Z., Distans ? Z., Aosta', and '1947/71' (genit. praep.). Male copulatory apparatus. Valva slightly arched, flat, without folds and appen- dages. From the middle of its length the valva expands in the form of an ellipsoidal plate, rounded at the top. Aedeagus S-like curved, bilaterally symmetrical, without appendages. The ninth tergum pointed. The ninth sternum having two end flaps tucked up and turned forwards. It is a short, thick vesicular organ reaching only one- third of the length of the valva. Female copulatory apparatus. The eighth sternum in the form of an irregular, triangular plate having its back top a little more sclerotized than other parts. Through this plate there is visible the end part of the ductus bursae in the form of a small elongated point, strongly sclerotized. There are no other characteristic features or appendages. Bursa copulatrix without signum. External appearance. This is one of the largest species of the genus. Wing spread of examined specimens from 19-21 mm. ($) to 20-22 mm. (<$}. The spot of scales is not at the end of the third feather of the hind wing but very near to it and appears as a small weakly defined patch, existing chiefly on back edge of the feather. On its fore edge appear only a few single dark scales. Also a few single dark scales are present on the top of third feather. The middle and end parts of the third feather are white. The ground of fore wings dark brown with greyish tint. The lateral edge of the second lobe of fore wings very weakly curved, nearly straight. The hind angle of fore wing very weakly marked. Constant described this species from Basses-Alpes. Caradja (1920) knew it in a 34 o ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF series of specimens from La Grave (Hautes-Alpes). Caradja emphasized the similarity of maculata and hoffmannseggi. Really it is only a superficial similarity in colour to the dark coloured Asiatic specimens of hoffmannseggi and it is not, at present, certain that the latter are the same species as the lighter coloured specimens from Spain, whence hoffmannseggi was described. Further, hoffmannseggi belongs to the genus Oxyptilus and can easily be distinguished from maculata by the generic features. The best character for distinguishing hoffmannseggi from other species at first sight is its white cilia on the very top of the third feather of the hind wings, in both Spanish and Asiatic specimens. Caradja considered that Constant's original figure of maculata was nearly perfect. The figures in Constant's publication were painted by hand and therefore they probably differed in various copies of the same publication. The copy I used was probably not so carefully painted as Caradja's, because I could not identify with certainty the original specimens of Constant with his figure of maculata. Caradja considered too that maculata was closely allied to ' Oxyptilus hieracii '. This is a very strange view : there is not one important character common to Procapperia maculata Const, and Oxyptilus chrysodactylus D. & S. (= hieracii Z.). It is possible that Caradja had wrongly named hieracii. Some earlier entomologists (Greening, Knaggs, Jordan, Stainton, Frey, and others) used to apply the name hieracii to Capperia britannio- dactyla Gregson and in this case the similarity to maculata is understandable as the genera Capperia and Procapperia are nearly related but both very far from Oxyptilus. Geographical distribution. Basses- Alpes (Constant), Hautes-Alpes (Caradja and Tutt's specimens from Fletcher's collection), Italian Alps (Zeller's specimen from Aosta, recorded by Frey (1880) as kollari, now in the British Museum), Pyrenees (fide Lhomme, 1939). Time of appearance. June, July, and August. Obviously two generations, as may be seen from the male specimen of 6 August quite fresh and unworn. Life-history. Chretien (1922) gives some ecological data and describes the pupa. He writes that the larvae of maculata appear in the Hautes-Alpes in June feeding on Scutellaria alpina. 2. Procapperia linariae (Chretien), 1922 (PL 20, fig. 61) Oxyptilus linariae sp.n., Chretien, 1922, tud. Lep. Comp. 19 (I) : 338-340, pi. DXLVI, fig. 4602. Oxyptilus linariae Chretien, Powell, 1922, Ibid. 19 (II) : 87. Chretien's description of this species is based on the single male specimen bred on Scutellaria (see Powell's remarks) but bearing an erroneous name of the food-plant on its label. This specimen (not designated as type) is in the British Museum and bears the following labels: 'Oxyptilus linariae sp.n.', 'Maroc, Timhadit, Harold Powell, Aout 1920', 'Timhadit, eclosion du 23.8.1920, Chenille sur Linaire a feuilles crenelees. Aout.' and '1947/12' (praep. genit.). Below is quoted the original description of Chretien and Powell's supplementary corrections published by Oberthiir. Original description: 'Un sujet obtenu de "chenille vivant sur une Linaria a feuilles crene- lees" a Timhadit, en aout 1920 (Powell). 17 mm. Ailes superieures brun jaunatre ou roux, THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER 341 parsemees de fines ecailles blanches dans la partie ant^rieure ou costale ; la cote brun noir entre les taches et blanche a la partie apicale ; une tache blanche dorsale au quart, pr6cedee de brun roux fonce ; une petite tache blanche ant6mediane sur la disque, precedee d'un gros point brun noir; une strie blanche sur la bifurcation et deux stries transversales obliques blanches sur les lobes, se continuant dans les franges, mais en sens inverse, la premiere plus large ; vers la cote, ces stries sont bordees de noir, la premiere exterieurement, la deuxieme interieurement. Franges brunes, entremelees d 'ecailles noires et blanches ; quatre petites meches noires sur le bord post6rieur du deuxieme lobe. ' Ailes inferieures : les deux premieres divisions brun roux, avec les franges brunes ; la troisieme division est legerement marquee de blanc sur le bord anterieur, avant et apres le petit groupe d 'ecailles noires qui sont presque d'egale longueur sur les deux bords et s'etendent assez pres de 1'apex. Franges brunes, portant quelques ecailles noires reparties entre la base et le groupe d 'ecailles noires. ' Dessous brun roux, avec les taches blanches du dessus. ' Tete et thorax de la couleur des ailes superieures ; antennes annexes de brun roux fonc6 et de blanc, palpes brun roux ou noir, 1'extremite des articles marquee de blanc, le dernier a peine ; abdomen brun jaunatre roux, parseme d'ecailles brun roux fonc6 ou noir; 1'extremite des seg- ments a ecailles saillantes blanc creme ; partie anale brun jaunatre ; pattes blanc creme, plus ou moins garnies d'ecailles brunes ou noires, formant des lignes longitudinales sur les tibias, des taches sur les tarses ; eperons blancs, a extremite brune. ' Espece voisine d'Ox. maculatus, Cst., plus que de toute autre. Je me suis peut-etre etendu trop longuement dans la description qui precede : c'etait cependant necessaire, car, pour tacher de separer des especes si voisines entre elles, ou quelquefois il ne peut etre question que du plus ou moins d'apparence dans les caracteres, il importe de ne n6gliger aucun detail. Encore ne reussit-on que difficilement. Mais ce qui doit entrainer et assurer la conviction, c'est la nourriture de la chenille. ' La chenille d'Ox. maculatus, Cst. n'a pas 6t6 d^crite ; personne n'a dit 1'avoir d^couverte et en avoir obtenu le papillon que le Catalog de 1901 considere comme espece douteuse. Cependant, je la connais depuis de longues annees; elle vit sur la Scutellaria alpina en juin, dans les Hautes- Alpes. Les papillons obtenus ont ete soumis a Constant lui-meme, qui a reconnu son maculatus. Leur determination ne peut done en etre suspecte. 'La d6pouille de la chrysalide d'Oxypt. linariae a la forme des chrysalides d'Oxyptilus: meta- thorax sureleve, avec depression longitudinale des deux versants; extremite des enveloppes libre ; elle est grise, avec une bande dorsale plus fonc^e, des sous-dorsales bien moins distinctes ; thorax finement chagrine garni de poils courts, au sommet, plus longs et a extremite courbe en avant; segments de 1' abdomen finement plisses trans versalement sur les dos; les verruqueux de la chenille sont repr6sentes par deux petits tubercules externes a poils 6toil6s, les plus longs inclin6s horizontalement, 1'un en avant, 1'autre en arriere, et deux ou trois points internes portant un poil; pterotheques gris brun, a nervures saillantes, brun fonce et garnies de cils en ligne et diriges en arriere ; ceratotheques cilis dans toute leur longueur ; stigmates brun noir, peu dis- tincts, dans une petite depression concave; mucron prolonge en bee plat, dont 1'extremite est garnie de soies raides, a crochets. 'La chrysalide d'Ox. maculatus est gris clair; pterotheques gris fonce, la depression longi- tudinale plus creuse, les poils du mdsothorax plus longs ; les stigmates plus distincts, le mucron plus anguleux. ' Ox. hieracii, Z., a une teinte plus claire avec une large bande dorsale brun fonce. 'Ox. teucrii, Jordan, a des poils plus longs encore sur le m6sothorax; les pterotheques grises comme les nervures ; le mucron plus anguleux. ' Inutile de parler des chrysalides d'Ox. tristis, distans, laetus, especes vivant sur les Composers. ' La chenille d'Ox. didactylus a bien et6 trouvee aussi sur une Scrophulariee ; mais il ne peut venir a 1 'esprit de comparer Ox. linariae a didactylus, a cause des trop grandes differences de la troisieme division de leurs ailes inferieures.' H. Powell's remarks on linariae: ' C'est par erreur que 1'etiquette piquee a 1'epingle de 1'Oxyptilus obtenu d'6closion a Timhadit, ENTOM. I, 5. T t 342 ON THE SYSTEMATICS AND ORIGIN OF en aout 1920, indique, comme nourriture de la chenille, une Linaria. La plante n'est pas une Linaire, mais une Labiee, la Scutellaria Demnatensis. Si M. Chretien n'avais pas 6t6 tromp par 1 'Etiquette erron6e, il aurait, peut-etre, rattach6 1'Oxyptilus linariae a O. maculatus Constant, dont la chenille vit 6galement sur une Scutellaria ? ' Powell is wrong in his supposition. Chretien described linariae as a new species not only because it was an ecologically distinct form but also because he knew how different it was in external appearance from maculata which he bred in the Alps. If Chretien had known the proper food-plant of linariae he certainly would have described this species as distinct from maculata. The copulatory apparatus of linariae is very similar to that of maculata. The valva a little wider and its end part more nearly triangular than elliptical as in maculata. The other parts very similar in both species. In external appearance the specimen of Chretien differs in colour and size from maculata ; it is much smaller (wing spread 17 mm.) and much clearer coloured. The ground colour of fore wings is light brown with a yellowish tint, not dark brown as in maculata. Life-history. Chretien emphasized the ecological distinctness of linariae and macu- lata, but he did not know that Linaria was erroneously noted as food-plant of linariae. However, he was right because linariae and maculata breed on two distinct food- plants. Procapperia linariae Chretien lives on Scutellaria demnatensis. Larvae appear in August, imagines at the end of this month. Doubtless there are at least two generations. Geographical distribution. Morocco. 3. Procapperia croatica sp. n. (PI. 10, fig. ii ; PI. 12, fig. 18; PI. 14, fig. 27) Examined material: 1. Three specimens from Schawerda Collection (Deutsches Kolon. Museum, Bremen) : a. <$, 'Zengg, Kroatien, 22 Juni 1917' (Holotype). b. $, 'Zengg, Kroatien, 14 Jun. 1917' (Allotype). c. $, 'Zengg, Kroatien, 6.6.1917', 'Oxyptilus marginellus Z.' (det. Rebel) (paratype). 2. Five specimens from Dobiasch Collection (Magyar Nemzeti Museum, Budapest) : a. Four specimens '22-23^.1918, Zengg, Kroatien, Dobiasch 1 (paratypes). b. Male specimen '24.vii.igi8, Zengg, Kroatien, Dobiasch' (paratype). Male copulatory apparatus (slide no. Ox. 83) very similar to maculata. Valva slightly arched, flat, from the middle to the end enlarged in the form of a flap, not rounded at the top as in maculata, but nearly pointed. No folds or appendages on the valva. Aedeagus S-like curved, similar to maculata but a little weaker, bilaterally symmetrical. The ninth sternum very similar to maculata but seems a little longer. The female copulatory apparatus (slide no. Ox. 100) very simply built, without any characteristic parts, even at ostium. Ostium bursae only a little more sclerotized than ductus bursae, scarcely visible under eighth sternum. External appearance. The smallest species in the Mediterranean group of this genus. Wing spread 14-16 mm. Its small size distinguishes it from other species, as well as the colour, which is greyish-yellow. From linariae it is distinct, having no vivid light THE GENERIC GROUP OXYPTILUS ZELLER 343 brown colour. Also it has no bright, vivid white pattern as in anatolica. The clear white pattern present in croatica appears only in cilia of fore wings except for some pattern on the wing surface which is whitish passing into light-yellowish. The black pattern is more apparent in croatica than in allied species. On the hind edge of the fore wings there are very distinct tufts of black scales. Palpi without tuft of scales. The spot of scales on the hind wings remote from the end of the third feather, not reaching the very top of it. Early stages and food-plant unknown. There are two generations. Geographical distribution. Southern Croatia. 1 Holotype and one paratype Colonial Museum, Bremen. Allotype and five paratypes Polish Museum of Zoology, Warsaw. 4. Procapperia anatolica (Caradja), 1920 Oxyptilus anatolicus sp.n., Car., 1920, Iris, 34: 79. Examined material: 1. One